风力机近尾迹叶尖区域气动噪声变化规律的试验研究

保证额定来流风速10 m/s不变,在不同尖速比条件下,利用声阵列法对S系列翼型风力机的叶尖区域噪声进行了测试.结果表明:风轮在旋转过程中,风力机叶尖辐射噪声频谱在200 Hz以下主要是由叶片旋转基频及其谐波构成的离散噪声叠加在宽频噪声上而组成的,而在200 Hz左右至600 Hz则是由叶片旋转产生的叶尖涡脱落频率以及风洞动力风扇的二次谐波构成的.随着尖速比的增加叶尖涡的脱落频率在增人,旋转基频声压级在叶片相对半径为0.57处的辐射噪声最大,且随着向叶尖移动,噪声逐渐减小。距离风轮旋转平面的轴向方向x=10~60 cm之间辐射噪声衰减较快,在x=60~100 cm之间衰减较慢.发现了叶尖涡的运动轨迹,叶尖涡是逐渐的向外迁移.     

S型叶尖小翼对风轮近尾迹声辐射影响的实验研究

采用5因素5水平的正交实验方法,找到在不同尖速比下均具有较好功率放大效果的S型叶尖小翼结构,对其影响近尾迹流动与声辐射的特征进行了测试。发现该小翼可以打散从风轮叶尖脱落的叶尖涡结构,在测试方位面内形成多个涡量集中区域,而且使叶尖涡内高涡量区域减小,降低叶尖涡的强度。同时,该小翼还可以使叶尖附近的压力脉动衰减,高压力脉动区域缩小,降低声辐射的强度,有效降低近尾迹中的声压级,靠近风轮附近测点的最大声压级降幅超过10dB,在1倍风轮直径下游位置的声压级降幅为2~7 dB.对S型叶尖小翼影响近尾迹流动和声辐射的研究,为提高风力机性能和降噪途径的探索积累了经验.     

水平轴风力机叶尖涡流动的PIV测试

在风洞开口实验段,针对不同尖速比应用PIV技术对风轮附近1/3圆周内的瞬时速度场进行测试。随着尖速比的增加,叶尖涡运动的径向位移增大,涡流诱导效应区域半径扩大,使整体尾迹半径增大;同时,尖速比增加使尾迹轴向速度亏损增大,叶尖涡运动的轴向位移减小。叶尖涡诱导效应与风轮旋转的相互作用使风轮附近形成强速度梯度区域,诱导效应延伸到风轮上游,激励叶片产生不同的振动形态,使叶片上脱落的叶尖涡结构在尾迹中出现波动,越向下游运动波动越强烈。通过叶尖涡核位置平均发现,在10°～120°方位角尾迹区域内,涡核运动轨迹与方位面交点的连线近似为直线,且该线的斜率随着尖速比的增加而增大。     

S型叶尖小翼对风力机流场特性影响的研究

在额定尖速比下,结合滑移网格的大涡模拟方法,对有无叶尖S型小翼的三叶片水平轴风力机流场特性进行了数值研究,结果表明:加装S型小翼后,改善了风轮上游的速度及压力分布情况,汲取了更多的风能;风轮压力面及吸力面的最大压差由1359 Pa提高到1756 Pa,使风轮功率放大;叶尖涡结构扩展规律与PIV(Particle Image Velocimetry)实验结果一致,叶尖涡轴向速度由15.6 m/s降低到了13.3 m/s,涡漩能量减少,叶尖涡涡量强度减弱,降低了气动噪声。     

2.5兆瓦风力机气动性能数值模拟研究

采用商用软件FINE_(TM)/Turbo,对2.5 MW变速恒频型风力机DF90风轮进行三维定常数值模拟研究.在计算功率与设计值很好符合的基础上,分析了风轮的三维绕流细节,讨论了叶尖速比和来流风速对叶片载荷的影响。结果显示:相同叶尖速比条件下流动近似;来流迎角随叶尖速比减小而增大,根部分离提前;运行风速范围内流动分离仅发生在叶根附近较小的范围内,大部分叶展范围的绕流具有良好的二维性。     

谱分析法测量叶尖小翼对风轮旋转时固有频率的影响

风力机叶尖加小翼,在一定范围内可以增加风力发电机的输出功率,提高功率系数.本文通过应用谱分析法测量风力机风轮旋转时机头的振动谱,通过分析得到了风轮动频,应用动频曲线研究了风力机叶尖小翼对风轮固有频率的影响.实验表明,叶尖小翼虽然降低了风轮静频但通过增大离心力和气动力提高了动频.叶尖小翼可以改善旋转风轮的结构动态特性.     

基于SONAH的水平轴风力机风轮噪声源识别

将统计最优近场声全息(SONAH)技术运用于小型水平轴风力机风轮噪声源识别中,采用近场声全息技术以弥补远场波束形成技术对低频段声源识别精度低的缺点。利用BK公司的60通道圆形声阵列对运行中的水平轴风力机在不同工况下进行声场信息采集分析,分析了噪声总声功率级的分布特征以及噪声源位置的分布规律。分析结果表明:风轮旋转时,以200 Hz以下的旋转噪声为主导,噪声源能量最大区域主要集中在叶片中部(r/R=0.5附近),并随着频率的增大,声源沿旋转面径向方向由叶片中部逐渐向叶尖分散。     

弧形锯齿进口导流罩对轴流风扇性能的影响

本文应用LES/FW-H方法,研究了在导流罩入口采用弧形锯齿结构的半开式轴流风扇的气动声学性能。研究结果表明,采用弧形锯齿进口的周向非等宽导流罩可减小叶尖涡影响区域,降低叶尖涡强度。导流罩进口结构的变化对叶尖涡涡心轨迹有一定影响,弧形锯齿进口导流罩使得叶尖涡轨迹更远离轴心,随着弧形锯齿数目的增加,其叶尖涡轨迹越远离轴心。半开式轴流风扇的总噪声和导流罩的声辐射特性密切相关,采用弧形锯齿进口导流罩可降低风扇气动噪声,其中出口轴线方向可降低3 dB以上,且在一定范围内随着弧形锯齿数目的增加降噪程度越明显。     

高压比离心压气机S_2流面跨音计算

一、前言 近年来在直升机及小型地面动力装置中广泛地采用了高压比离心压气机,因其在较高效率下可达到很高的级压比.但随着压比的提高,叶轮线速度增加,导风轮出现跨声流动.早期为了避免跨声导风轮设计困难,往往在设计时控制进口叶尖M数不大于1.目前已出现了一些叶尖M数在1.2左右,级压比在8以上的离心压气机.     

近失速状态轴流压气机转子内尖区三维流动结构

用激光测速系统测量了低速大尺寸单级压气机近失速状态转子内尖区三维流场。结果表明泄漏流在转子进口开始产生,泄漏涡约在１０％弦长最强,并迅速向压力面和低叶高方向移动,沿程造成高紊流和高阻滞。叶尖吸力面附面层发生分离,迫使角区低能物质和旋涡在下游逐渐向通道中部移动,造成转子出口尖部通道中部大面积流动阻塞和紊流脉动。角区旋涡及泄漏涡影响区域紊流强度较高,其中径向分量最高,远大于轴向和切向分量。前缘马蹄涡压力面分支存在于转子进口叶尖压力面角区,并迅速向低叶高和通道中部移动,约在２０％弦长和泄漏涡交汇。     

On vortex–airfoil interaction noise including span-end effects,with application to open-rotor aeroacoustics

A linear analytical model is developed for the chopping of a cylindrical vortex by a flat-plate airfoil, with or without a span-end effect. The major interest is the contribution of the tip–vortex produced by an upstream rotating blade in the rotor–rotor interaction noise mechanism of counter-rotating open rotors. Therefore the interaction is primarily addressed in an annular strip of limited spanwise extent bounding the impinged blade segment, and the unwrapped strip is described in Cartesian coordinates. The study also addresses the interaction of a propeller wake with a downstream wing or empennage. Cylindrical vortices are considered, for which the velocity field is expanded in two-dimensional gusts in the reference frame of the airfoil. For each gust the response of the airfoil is derived, first ignoring the effect of the span end, assimilating the airfoil to a rigid flat plate, with or without sweep. The corresponding unsteady lift acts as a distribution of acoustic dipoles, and the radiated sound is obtained from a radiation integral over the actual extent of the airfoil. In the case of tip–vortex interaction noise in CRORs the acoustic signature is determined for vortex trajectories passing beyond, exactly at and below the tip radius of the impinged blade segment, in a reference frame attached to the segment. In a second step the same problem is readdressed accounting for the effect of span end on the aerodynamic response of a blade tip. This is achieved through a composite two-directional Schwarzschild's technique. The modifications of the distributed unsteady lift and of the radiated sound are discussed. The chained source and radiation models provide physical insight into the mechanism of vortex chopping by a blade tip in free field. They allow assessing the acoustic benefit of clipping the rear rotor in a counter-rotating open-rotor architecture.     

Breaking wind waves as a source of ambient noise

A theoretical model for the prediction of ambient noise level due to collective oscillations of air bubbles under breaking wind waves is presented. The model uses a budget of the energy flux from the breaking waves to quantify acoustic power radiation by a bubble cloud. A shift of the noise spectra to lower frequency due to collective bubble oscillation is assumed. The model derives good estimates of the magnitude, slope, and frequency range of the noise spectra using the wind speed or height of breaking waves.     

大型航空声学风洞消声室建设与校测

风洞试验是进行民用飞机机体噪声研究的重要手段。为了满足航空飞行器低噪声设计在大型风洞中进行气动噪声试验的需求,气动院建设了FL-10大型低速风洞全消声室。通过在FL-10风洞试验大厅壁面安装吸声尖劈、对洞体外表面进行声学处理、对支撑系统进行隔声处理、对消声换气窗进行降噪处理等手段,建成了气动噪声风洞试验所需的声学环境。按照国标中给定的方法,利用张线方法实现了校准声源的布置,测量了消声室内沿不同路径、不同频率噪声的衰减规律,表明FL-10风洞消声室自由场特性达到了相应标准的要求,为后续在该风洞中进行大尺寸机体模型噪声试验奠定了基础。     

Reverberation cancellation in a closed test section of a wind tunnel using a multi-microphone cesptral method

Nowadays, although aerodynamic data are still primarily sought after during wind tunnel tests, reliable acoustic measurements also become a priority for aircraft designers. In order to gather both kinds of data, aerodynamic and acoustic tests are carried out simultaneously under the same closed test section. This solution has two major drawbacks: the acoustic signals delivered by microphones may be corrupted by the boundary layer expanding on the wind tunnel walls and by the reverberant noise originating from reflective surfaces. Technological solutions can be deployed to reduce the corruption of the signals by the wind tunnel background noise. Methods based on the power cepstrum can be used to reduce reverberation effects by removing the quefrencies due to the echoes in the cepstral domain.     

Sound radiation from point acoustic stresses in circular motion

The general result for the sound field of a point acoustic stress in arbitrary motion is applied in this paper to study the effects of (i) uniform straight-line motion, (ii) uniform circular motion and (iii) pure rotation on the overall sound radiation from random point acoustic stresses. The effects of acceleration of the stresses due to steady rotation in a circle are established, using the moving-source approach adopted in two previous papers for the far-field sound radiation from rotating point forces and point sources. Applications include the turbulent sound generation from tip jet rotors and noise from rotating blades with distributed forces.     

The effect of anisotropy of a rough sea surface on the generation of acoustic radiation

A model that relates the frequency-angular characteristics of wind waves on the sea surface to the frequency spectrum of acoustic radiation generated by them is constructed. Based on empirical wave energy distribution functions, it is shown that, in the vicinity of the peak of the wind wave spectrum, the intensity of acoustic radiation strongly depends on the model chosen for the angular distribution function ?(α) and on its parameters. At high frequencies, four to five times higher than the dominant wave frequency, it is possible to assume that, to a first approximation, ?(α) = const. In the intermediate frequency range, between the dominant frequency and the high frequencies, the predominant contribution to the sound radiation is made by the waves that travel in the direction close to orthogonal with respect to the wind.     

Design and performance of a small-scale aeroacoustic wind tunnel

The D5 aeroacoustic wind tunnel at Beihang University is a newly commissioned small-scale closed-circuit wind tunnel with low turbulence intensity and low background noise. The wind tunnel is built to study both aerodynamic and aeroacoustic performance of aircraft components or scaled models. The wind tunnel has two types of test sections, the closed type test section is used for aerodynamic tests while the open type test section is mainly used for aeroacoustic experiments. Both types of test section are 1 m in height and 1 m in width, and the maximum wind velocity in the test section can be up to 80 m/s. An anechoic chamber is built surrounding the test section to provide the non-reflecting condition. This paper provides an overview of design criteria and performance of the small-scale wind tunnel. The layout of the wind tunnel and some critical design treatments to improve aerodynamic and acoustic performance are discussed in detail. Some experiments are conducted to verify the performance of D5 wind tunnel, results confirm that the turbulence intensity is less than 0.08% in the core of test section and the background noise is comparable with other aeroacoustic wind tunnels. A scaled simplified nose landing gear model is also measured as a benchmark test, results reveal that noise radiated from the model is adequately higher than the background noise for a wide frequency range and remarkably consistent with other results from literatures.     

单、双转子轴流风扇的内流特性与性能实验研究

本文针对某大型空调室外风扇系统采用双转子风扇时存在的体积大、风量不足和噪声大的缺陷,提出了采用单 转子风扇改进的措施,利用相似理论和CFD内流模拟方法,进行了内部流动的细节分析,并进行了性能、噪声实验,为 产品的更新和性能的改善提供了依据,投入使用取得了良好的经济效益。     

高速动车组气动噪声试验与仿真分析*

通过风洞试验对某高速动车组整车、受电弓及转向架远场气动噪声特性进行分析。试验结果表明,高速动车组远场气动噪声是一宽频噪声,总声能随速度的6.6次方增加;由受电弓引起的远场气动噪声主要集中在中高频,噪声峰值频率随速度变化线性增加;由转向架引起的远场气动噪声主要集中在中低频,噪声峰值频率与速度无关。在此基础上,通过大涡模拟和声扰动方程获得该高速动车组近场噪声。高速动车组远场噪声测点仿真结果与试验结果的最大差值2.2 dB(A),最大相对误差2.5%,表明仿真模型的准确性。仿真结果表明,车头近场噪声以车头鼻尖为界,底部气动噪声能量大于上部流线型气动噪声能量,其中转向架舱位置噪声能量最大,因此进行车内外降噪方案设计时,应重点关注车头转向架舱位置。     

Real-time active suppression of scattered acoustic radiation

Active noise control usually aims at reducing the total acoustic pressure due to a noise source; it may also be used in principle to reduce the scattered acoustic radiation from a reflecting body in order to render it invisible to incident acoustic waves. In this paper, a real-time control strategy is introduced to achieve, with ordinary noise sources and sensors, the effective suppression of the noise scattered by a 3-D surface. Numerical simulations of 2-D and 3-D control are used to illustrate the potential of this control strategy. Preliminary experimental results are also given for the 1-D case of a rigid body inserted into a duct.