基于多层分块算法的激波干扰流场预测

激波-激波干扰流场预测是超声速乃至高超声速流动中最具挑战性的问题之一. 特别地, 第IV类激波干扰由于其在壁面驻点附近产生极高的热载荷而备受关注. 本文针对圆柱诱导的弓形激波和入射斜激波的干扰问题, 分别基于量热完全气体模型和考虑振动激发的热完全气体模型, 数值求解有黏二维可压缩NS方程, 分析了高温气体效应对激波干扰流场结构, 以及第IV类激波干扰流场状态参数的影响. 接着, 本文基于一种具有广义可分离特性的遗传算法 (多层分块算法), 给出能够预测不同气体模型下第IV类激波干扰流场三波点的坐标位置、超声速射流的几何形状等特征性几何结构的数学模型, 进一步获得高温气体效应对激波干扰类型转变准则影响的定量化评估. 激波干扰类型转变准则面上的多组临界工况的激波干扰流场结构以及壁面压力和壁面热流分布的对比结果表明, 不同气体模型下的激波干扰类型和流场结构差异较为显著, 获得的定量化预测模型对工程中气动热环境的预测具有一定的参考价值.      

超声速多喷流干扰流场特性研究

研究了旋成体上超声速来流与超声速横向多喷流相撞产生的层流干扰流场特性. 数 值方法针对三维可压缩Navier-Stokes方程按二阶精度Roe格式进行离散,采用基于多区对 接网格技术的有限体积法. 数值模拟结果描述了多喷流干扰流场的空间结构以及激波/边界层 干扰引起的分离范围,探讨了沿流向等间距排列的喷口个数对表面和空间流场结构以及压力 分布的影响规律. 结果表明,第一喷口对多喷流干扰流场主要结构和喷口上游表面分离范围 起主导作用. 其中三喷流流场数值模拟的对称面激波结构与实验纹影结果进行对比,符合较 好.     

高温燃气喷流/主流相互干扰实验研究

报道关于高温燃气自由喷流(热喷流)、燃气喷流/主流干扰流对气动热环境影响的实验研究结果. 其意义在于: 抽象出高超声速飞行器实际飞行时燃气喷流及其干扰流的物理模型, 为高超声速飞行器防热需求提供实验依据. 实验主流由脉冲风洞提供,燃气喷流用氢氧燃烧驱动路德维希管的方式产生. 利用脉冲风洞驱动段压力信号自动控制热气源的产生以保证风洞主流与燃气喷流同步, 利用氢气、氮气和氧气的不同比例实现燃气喷流的热力学相似. 实验技术上完成了高温燃气喷流系统的参数采集与系统状态标定; 实验内容上开展了压缩拐角平板模型的气动热实验研究, 通过实验比较了只有主流流场、只有热喷流流场和既有主流流场又有热喷流流场(即干扰流场)3种工况的热流分布. 实验研究发现,热喷流/主流相互干扰会对压缩拐角平板上某一范围内的气动热环境造成显著影响, 热流峰值较无喷流流场高出一个量级.      

THE INVESTIGATION OF EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE GAS JET FLOW TEST IN IMPULSE WIND TUNNEL

报道关于高温燃气自由喷流（热喷流）、燃气喷流／主流干扰流对气动热环境影响的实验研究结果．其意义在于：抽象出高超声速飞行器实际飞行时燃气喷流及其干扰流的物理模型，为高超声速飞行器防热需求提供实验依据．实验主流由脉冲风洞提供，燃气喷流用氢氧燃烧驱动路德维希管的方式产生．利用脉冲风洞驱动段压力信号自动控制热气源的产生以保证风洞主流与燃气喷流同步，利用氢气、氮气和氧气的不同比例实现燃气喷流的热力学相似．实验技术上完成了高温燃气喷流系统的参数采集与系统状态标定；实验内容上开展了压缩拐角平板模型的气动热实验研究，通过实验比较了只有主流流场、只有热喷流流场和既有主流流场又有热喷流流场（即干扰流场）3种工况的热流分布．实验研究发现，热喷流／主流相互干扰会对压缩拐角平板上某一范围内的气动热环境造成显著影响，热流峰值较无喷流流场高出一个量级．     

高超声速流场激光测速技术研究进展

高超声速气流条件下飞行器内/外部流动中存在强湍流及脉动、边界层转捩、激波-边界层干扰和高温真实气体效应等耦合效应,表征该非定常流动现象对飞行器气动力、气动热以及目标光电特性等产生的影响是高超声速流动研究中的前沿课题.速度作为表征流动过程最重要的参数之一,准确的速度测量对于深入理解上述复杂流动-传输机理以及高超声速飞行器设计具有重要指导意义.文章针对高超声速流场速度测量中几种常用的非接触式激光测试技术进行了综述,主要包括基于空间法的粒子图像测速,基于激光吸收光谱、激光诱导荧光和瑞利散射的多普勒测速,基于飞行时间法的分子标记测速,以及基于流场折射率的聚焦激光差分干涉测速技术.首先简要介绍每种激光测速技术的基本原理,然后进一步介绍该技术在高超声速自由流、层/湍流边界层、激波/边界层干扰、尾流或其他复杂流动区域的速度及其脉动度测量等方面的典型应用,分析各种技术环境适用性及面临的局限性和挑战.最后对基于激光技术的高超声速流场速度测量进行了总结及发展趋势展望.     

高超声速点泉流场中的气动力

高超声速点泉流场是一种典型的非均匀来流流场。很多高速高焓地面实验设备,如具有锥型喷管的激波管风洞、炮风洞、电弧风洞等,其流场均具有高超声速球型膨胀的点泉流动特征。某些外部绕流也是如此。我们要用简便而正确的解析方法确定这种非均匀来流中物体的气动力,分析非均匀来流对压力分布及各种气动特性的影响。已有的一些     

高超声速飞行器反作用控制系统喷流干扰综述

反作用控制系统（reaction control system, RCS）在高超声速飞行器上取得了较为广泛的应用,已成为高超声速飞行器重要的控制手段之一. RCS 工作过程中喷流与来流形成了复杂的干扰流场,使得对RCS的控制能力预测存在困难. 根据RCS 在不同高超声速飞行器上的布局位置及飞行器局部外形特点将RCS 布局方式归纳为4 类,包括小曲率表面喷流、大曲率表面喷流、头部喷流和翼面附近喷流. 对用于模拟各布局方式流动特征的4 种典型模型进行了概述,并对各典型模型喷流干扰问题的研究进展进行了总结. 最后,对今后研究方向提出了一些建议.     

高超声速激波湍流边界层干扰直接数值模拟研究

高超声速激波与湍流边界层干扰会导致飞行器表面出现局部热流峰值,严重影响飞行器气动性能和飞行安全. 针对高马赫数激波干扰问题,以往数值研究多采用雷诺平均方法,而在直接数值模拟方面的相关工作较为少见. 开展高超声速激波与湍流边界层干扰的直接数值模拟研究,有助于进一步提升对其复杂流动机理认识和理解,同时也将为现有湍流模型和亚格子应力模型的改进提供理论依据. 采用直接数值模拟方法对来流马赫数6.0,34°压缩拐角内激波与湍流边界层的干扰问题进行了研究. 基于雷诺应力各向异性张量,分析了高超声速湍流边界层在压缩拐角内的演化特性. 通过对湍动能输运方程的逐项分析,系统地研究了可压缩效应对湍动能及其输运的影响机制. 采用动态模态分解方法,探讨了干扰流场的非定常运动历程. 研究结果表明,随着湍流边界层往下游发展,近壁湍流的雷诺应力状态由两组元轴对称状态逐渐演化为两组元状态,外层区域则由轴对称膨胀趋近于各向同性. 干扰流场内存在强内在压缩性效应(声效应),其对湍动能输运的影响主要体现在压力--膨胀项,而对膨胀--耗散项影响较小. 高超声速下压缩拐角内的非定常运动仍存在以分离泡膨胀/收缩为特征的低频振荡特性,其物理机制与分离泡剪切层密切相关.      

圆球诱发斜爆轰波的数值研究

斜爆轰发动机是飞行器在高马赫数飞行条件下的一种新型发动机,具有结构简单、成本低和比冲高等优点.但是斜爆轰发动机的来流马赫数范围广,来流条件复杂,为实现斜爆轰波的迅速、可靠引发,采用钝头体来诱发.利用Euler方程和氢氧基元反应模型,对超声速氢气/空气混合气体中圆球诱导的斜爆轰流场进行了数值研究.不同于楔面诱发的斜爆轰波,球体首先会在驻点附近诱发正激波/爆轰波,然后在稀疏波作用下发展为斜激波/爆轰波.模拟结果显示,经过钝头体压缩的预混气体达到自燃温度后,会出现两种流场:当马赫数较低时,由于稀疏波的影响,燃烧熄灭,钝头体下游不会出现燃烧情况;而当马赫数较高时,燃烧阵面能传到下游.分析表明,当钝头体的尺度较小时,驻点附近的能量不足以诱发爆轰波,只会形成明显的燃烧带与激波非耦合结构;当钝头体的尺度较大时,流场中不会出现燃烧带与激波的非耦合现象,且这一特征与马赫数无关.通过调整球体直径,获得了激波和燃烧带部分耦合的燃烧流场结构,这一流场结构在楔面诱发的斜爆轰波中并不存在,说明稀疏波与爆轰波面的相互作用是决定圆球诱发斜爆轰波的关键.     

高超声速激波湍流边界层干扰直接数值模拟研究

高超声速激波与湍流边界层干扰会导致飞行器表面出现局部热流峰值,严重影响飞行器气动性能和飞行安全.针对高马赫数激波干扰问题,以往数值研究多采用雷诺平均方法,而在直接数值模拟方面的相关工作较为少见.开展高超声速激波与湍流边界层干扰的直接数值模拟研究,有助于进一步提升对其复杂流动机理认识和理解,同时也将为现有湍流模型和亚格子应力模型的改进提供理论依据.采用直接数值模拟方法对来流马赫数6.0,34?压缩拐角内激波与湍流边界层的干扰问题进行了研究.基于雷诺应力各向异性张量,分析了高超声速湍流边界层在压缩拐角内的演化特性.通过对湍动能输运方程的逐项分析,系统地研究了可压缩效应对湍动能及其输运的影响机制.采用动态模态分解方法,探讨了干扰流场的非定常运动历程.研究结果表明,随着湍流边界层往下游发展,近壁湍流的雷诺应力状态由两组元轴对称状态逐渐演化为两组元状态,外层区域则由轴对称膨胀趋近于各向同性.干扰流场内存在强内在压缩性效应(声效应),其对湍动能输运的影响主要体现在压力-膨胀项,而对膨胀-耗散项影响较小.高超声速下压缩拐角内的非定常运动仍存在以分离泡膨胀/收缩为特征的低频振荡特性,其物理机制与分离泡剪切层密切相关.     

Heating enhancement caused by a transverse control jet in hypersonic flow

Experiments are reported in which the heat flux distribution near a single circular, sonic transverse jet on a flat plate exposed to a hypersonic (Mach 6.7) freestream flow was quantitatively measured using thermochromic liquid crystals. The freestream conditions were such that the boundary layer growth on the plate ahead of the jet was laminar. The results indicate that the interaction of the jet with the freestream flow created a complex flowfield with regions of separation and reattachment which caused localised enhancements to the heat flux upstream and to the side of the jet, the magnitudes of which were sensitive to both jet plenum pressure and jet gas composition. Received 28 August 1996 / Accepted 6 June 1997     

Oblique shock/bow shock interference in rarefied flow past a cylinder

Direct statistical simulation is employed to study the flow of a rarefied diatomic gas past a cylinder in the presence of an incident oblique shock. The distinctive features of the formation of a high-pressure compressed-gas jet in the case of interference between the oblique shock and the bow shock are studied for different Reynolds numbers. The variation of the pressure and the heat transfer to the surface with the shock position relative to the center of the cylinder, the Reynolds number, and the surface temperature is analyzed. The results obtained are compared with the experimental data and the results of the numerical solutions of the Euler and boundary layer equations. Free-molecular-to-continuum flow transition is demonstrated with reference to the example of interference-free flow past a cylinder.Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Academii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 5, 2004, pp. 171–180. Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by Gusev and Erofeev.     

Visualizing supersonic inlet duct unstart using planar laser Rayleigh scattering

Planar laser Rayleigh scattering (PLRS) from condensed CO₂ particles is used to visualize flow structure in a Mach 5 wind tunnel undergoing unstart. Detailed flow features such as laminar/turbulent boundary layers and shockwaves are readily illustrated by the technique. A downstream transverse air jet, inducing flow unchoking downstream of the jet, is injected into the free stream flow of the tunnel, resulting in tunnel unstart. Time sequential PLRS images reveal that the boundary layer growth/separation on a surface with a thick turbulent boundary layer, initiated by the jet injection, propagates upstream and produces an oblique unstart shock. The tunnel unstarts upon the arrival of the shock at the inlet. In contrast, earlier flow separation on the opposite surface, initially supporting a thin laminar boundary layer, is observed when a jet induced bow shock strikes that surface. The resulting disturbance to this boundary layer also propagates upstream and precedes the formation of an unstart shock.     

Dynamic interaction of a magnetized solid body with a rarefied plasma flow

Dependences of the drag and lift coefficients of a magnetized sphere in a hypersonic rarefied plasma flow on the angle between the plasma flow velocity and the self-magnetic field induction vector of the body are obtained in a wide range of the ratio of the magnetic pressure to the plasma flow pressure. It is shown that changing the orientation of the magnetic field vector of the body and the incoming flow velocity can be used to control the dynamic interaction in the plasma–body system, namely, to decelerate and accelerate the magnetized sphere in a rarefied hypersonic plasma flow.     

逆向喷流流场模态分析及减阻特性研究

逆向喷流减阻的基本原理是利用逆向高速喷流与飞行器绕流的相互作用，使飞行器周围的流场结构发生变化，致使飞行器的气动特性发生改变，从而改善飞行器的气动性能。利用数值模拟方法对轴对称球头、截锥的逆向喷流流场开展了研究，考虑了高温非平衡化学反应对流场的影响。模拟了球头和截锥在不同总压比时流场不同的模态：长穿透流模态（LPM）和短穿透流模态（SPM），得到了不同模态下钝体表面压力、气动力系数和不同模态之间转换的瞬态效应．简单分析了喷流在减阻方面的应用，给出了几个喷口参数与减阻效率之间的关系，提出了喷流减阻工程应用时应考虑的主要因素。     

Study on the characteristics of interaction flowfields induced by supersonic jet on a revolution body

The paper focuses on the triple jets interaction with a hypersonic external flow on a revolution body. The experimental model is a ogive-cylinder body with three supersonic nozzles, which are aligned along the flow direction. The freestream Mach numbers are 5 and 6. The spatial and surface flow characteristics are illustrated by the schlieren photographs and the typical pressure distribution. The results show that there are multi-wave system, separation, reattachment, multi-peak pressure, high-pressure and low-pressure zone boundaries obvious distinction in tri-jets interference flowfield. The present paper also analyzes how do the pressure ratio, the angle of attack, and Mach number effect on tri-jets interaction characteristics.     

Massively separated flows due to transverse sonic jet in laminar hypersonic stream

A numerical simulation of flow interactions due to a transverse sonic jet ejected from a two-dimensional slot into a hypersonic stream is carried out to examine the capability of Navier–Stokes solutions in predicting a massively separated flow upstream of the jet exit. Grid sensitivity has been studied using gradually refined meshes to address the numerical accuracy of the discretised solution of the governing equations. Comparison has been made with published experimental data regarding the separation and reattachment points and the pressure distribution in the separated region. Flow field visualisation provides further insight into the interaction region and reveals a small clockwise vortex immediately ahead of the jet exit, which is found to be responsible for the second peak in the surface pressure distribution. Received 30 June 1998 / Accepted 27 September 1998     

Shock structure in separated nozzle flows

In the case of high overexpansion, the exhaust jet of the supersonic nozzle of rocket engines separates from nozzle wall because of the large adverse pressure gradient. Correspondingly, to match the pressure of the separated flow region, an oblique shock is generated which evolves through the supersonic jet starting approximately at the separation point. This shock reflects on the nozzle axis with a Mach reflection. Thus, a peculiar Mach reflection takes place whose features depend on the upstream flow conditions, which are usually not uniform. The expected features of Mach reflection may become much difficult to predict, depending on the nozzle shape and the position of the separation point along the divergent section of the nozzle.      

Shock boundary layer interaction under the influence of a normal suction slot

The phenomenon of shock boundary layer interaction of a shock train under the influence of a normal suction slot is studied. In previous work, it was found that a normal, circumferential suction slot is sufficient to stabilize the primary shock of a shock train in as much as that the back pressure of the shock train can be increased until the shock train gradually changes into a single normal shock. Based on the experimental and numerical results, a flow model was derived which explains the transition of a shock train into a single shock under the influence of boundary layer suction. In this work, the normal shock boundary layer interaction model is validated against flow cases with different upstream Mach and Reynolds numbers. For that purpose three different nozzle flows are investigated at various total pressure levels. In a second step, the flow model is extended to the oblique shock case, correlating the suction mass flow with the total pressure distribution of the incoming boundary layer and the static pressure downstream of the oblique shock. Finally, the influence of the suction cavity pressure onto the shock boundary layer interaction is considered.     

Characteristics of unsteady type IV shock/shock interaction

Characteristics of the unsteady type IV shock/shock interaction of hypersonic blunt body flows are investigated by solving the Navier–Stokes equations with high-order numerical methods. The intrinsic relations of flow structures to shear, compression, and heating processes are studied and the physical mechanisms of the unsteady flow evolution are revealed. It is found that the instantaneous surface-heating peak is caused by the fluid in the “hot spot” generated by an oscillating and deforming jet bow shock (JBS) just ahead of the body surface. The features of local shock/boundary layer interaction and vortex/boundary layer interaction are clarified. Based on the analysis of flow evolution, it is identified that the upstream-propagating compression waves are associated with the interaction of the JBS and the shear layers formed by a supersonic impinging jet, and then the interaction of the freestream bow shocks and the compression waves results in entropy and vortical waves propagating to the body surface. Further, the feedback mechanism of the inherent unsteadiness of the flow field is revealed to be related to the impinging jet. A feedback model is proposed to reliably predict the dominant frequency of flow evolution. The results obtained in this study provide physical insight into the understanding of the mechanisms relevant to this complex flow.