星载激光相干测高计的参量设计

为使星载激光高度计实现高空间分辨力、高距离精度,提出了联合采用调频光纤激光器和相干测距的方法.详细讨论了这种方法的实现方案,并对方案中的激光发射功率、望远镜口径以及脉冲宽度对距离精度及信噪比的影响进行数值模拟.对系统参量进行分析,得到了相关参量的关系和优化的参量.结果表明,当望远镜口径为400 mm时,啁啾调频速率为1 MHz/μs,脉冲时间宽度150～350 μs, 发射功率10 W左右时,基于相干测距的星载激光高度计可以实现距离精度小于15 cm的技术指标.     

啁啾脉冲参量放大特性的数值模拟研究

 根据啁啾脉冲激光参量放大技术,数值模拟了光参量放大在啁啾脉冲放大中的应用。研究啁啾脉冲参量放大增益及时间特性,特别是在大信号注入与小信号注入两种有代表意义的情况下,详细地分析了群速度失配、相位失配对放大过程的影响。研究了泵浦光脉冲与信号光脉冲的时间同步要求,讨论了放大系统的稳定性。     

数字散斑相关方法实现鼠标定位原理

在激光鼠标工作原理的基础上,利用数字散斑相关方法对激光鼠标的定位原理进行了研究。设计实验得到散斑场并用数码相机拍摄。用图像采集卡采集CCD扫描数散斑图像得到的图像,将图像数字化,分析数据得到了图像最优采样的像素单元和图像位移两个参量。基于两个参量,实验采集散斑图像在一定的轨迹运动下的散斑场,用Matlab软件模拟,并比较分析了实验和模拟结果。结果表明,用数字散斑相关方法可以实现激光鼠标的定位功能,并且分辨力可达到1μm,远高于市场上激光鼠标30μm的分辨力。     

微结构光纤次芯中的四波混频过程

利用Ti:sapphire飞秒激光脉冲在微结构光纤包层的次芯中通过参量四波混频效应获得480—550nm的反斯托克斯波,转换效率可高达28%. 通过改变输入光的偏振方向可以调节反斯托克斯波的中心波长. 理论模拟了飞秒激光在次芯中的模式特性和色散特性,较好地解释了实验结果. 关键词： 微结构光纤 飞秒激光脉冲 参量四波混频过程     

基于台阶声光调Q外腔泵浦MgO:PPLN光参量振荡器的3.4 μm中红外脉冲串激光器

本文报道了一种台阶声光调Q外腔泵浦MgO:PPLN光参量振荡器的3.4 μm中红外脉冲串激光器.建立了基频台阶声光调Q理论模型,模拟了不同台阶调Q间隔时光子数密度随时间变化趋势,获得了台阶信号最优触发时间,确定了台阶声光调Q获得脉冲串激光输出的可能性.根据理论模拟设计台阶信号触发时间,并应用于台阶声光调Q外腔泵浦MgO:PPLN光参量振荡器的中红外脉冲串激光器实验中,在每个重复周期内声光Q开关分三次开启,获得了单脉冲包络含三个子脉冲的3.4 μm中红外脉冲串激光输出.脉冲包络内子脉冲间隔为5 μs,最窄脉宽为12.8 ns,脉冲包络重频为20 kHz,理论和是实验中均发现脉冲包络内子脉冲宽度逐渐增大.在最大平均输出功率为1.08 W时, 1064 nm基频光与3.4 μm参量光的光-光转换效率为10.05%,光束质量因子M²为2.01.     

用于双光子激发荧光寿命显微成像的高重复频率皮秒扫描相机

建立了一台基于新研制的高重复频率皮秒扫描相机的双光子激发荧光寿命显微成像系统,重点介绍所研制的高重复频率皮秒扫描相机。为了在高时间分辨力的同时扩大时间测量范围,实现大面积两维空间高时间分辨取样测量,从而提高采样速率和更有效地发挥扫描相机的作用,设计和研制了一种大面积、高时间分辨力扫描变像管和一种重复频率高达1MHz的斜坡电压扫描电路。基于上述关键部件所研制的扫描相机具有重复频率高、扫描速度可调、时间分辨力高、工作面积大、非线性低、触发晃动小等优点。用钛宝石飞秒激光器作为激光脉冲源,通过脉冲提取器将76MHz的高重复频率降低为1MHz,采用可调延时器和标准具对扫描相机的时间分辨力、扫描速度和非线性进行标定。该系统的时间分辨力达到6.5ps,非线性为2.60%,可测量的时间范围从十几皮秒到几十纳秒。测量了若丹明6G和香豆素314两种标准荧光染料的荧光寿命,取得了与参考文献一致的实验结果。     

脉冲激光辐照下VO_2薄膜温升的有限元分析

为掌握高功率脉冲激光防护中脉冲激光各参量对VO2薄膜温升的具体影响,采用有限元分析程序ANSYS的热分析模块分析了VO2薄膜在脉冲激光辐照下的温度场变化,分析讨论了CO2脉冲激光的光斑尺寸、功率密度、脉冲宽度、重复频率四个参量,对VO2薄膜达到相变温度的时间与相变区域尺寸的影响.结果表明,光斑尺寸等四个参量共同影响薄膜达到相变温度的时间,在一定范围内增大光斑尺寸和功率密度可缩短薄膜相变的时间,而薄膜相变区域尺寸所占光斑面积的比例与二者并无直接关系,增大脉宽或重频都有利于缩短薄膜达到相变的时间,但前者对单脉冲产生热量的提升比后者效果更明显.     

星载激光对水下目标通信可行性研究

简要分析了通信信道中各传输介质的特性,确定了合理的传输介质光学参量。并根据一定的通信系统参量,利用蒙特卡罗方法模拟了水下目标接收信号的时间和空间分布。蒙特卡罗估计误差与平均值比值的上限小于0.3%。根据模拟的结果,得出了优化的接收系统采样时隙和接收望远镜视场角,进而计算了接收信噪比。在此基础上,基于激光脉冲的脉冲位置调制(PPM)方式和最大似然检测,计算出通信系统的误码率。研究结果表明,在较恶劣环境条件下,利用星载激光系统可以实现对水下目标的良好通信。     

宽带光参量放大过程中的转换效率提升

建立了宽带光参量放大数值模拟平台,并基于此对宽带光参量放大系统的能量转换效率提升进行优化设计,根据模拟计算结果可以对实验中能够达到的最优化能量转换效率进行预判。建立了验证实验平台并进行了实验,研究并攻克了实验中遇到的参量荧光抑制、信号光,泵浦光空间精确匹配、脉宽精确匹配、时间波形整形等关键技术难点。在抑制参量荧光的同时实现了宽带光参量放大过程能量转换效率的提升,在单级宽带光参量放大过程中获得了30%的能量转换效率。     

基于自发参量下转换产生参量荧光的光谱分布特性理论分析

采用放大传递函数理论模拟和分析了基于自发参量下转换产生参量荧光的光谱分布特性,结果表明：非简并态下随着相位匹配角的增大,参量荧光空间强度角分布呈现变大趋势,而整个荧光光谱成分的分布逐渐倾向于连续的弱分布状态.对于简并态附近出现荧光光谱具有宽带宽集中分布的特征,采用两种不同的抽运光脉冲进行了对比分析,并且对此特征关于相位匹配角变化的敏感特性,采用放大传递函数和光谱成分概率分布函数两种不同理论的模拟结果一致. 关键词： 参量下转换 参量荧光     

Stimulated emission depletion microscopy with a supercontinuum source and fluorescence lifetime imaging

We demonstrate stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy implemented in a laser scanning confocal microscope using excitation light derived from supercontinuum generation in a microstructured optical fiber. Images with resolution improvement beyond the far-field diffraction limit in both the lateral and axial directions were acquired by scanning overlapped excitation and depletion beams in two dimensions using the flying spot scanner of a commercially available laser scanning confocal microscope. The spatial properties of the depletion beam were controlled holographically using a programmable spatial light modulator, which can rapidly change between different STED imaging modes and also compensate for aberrations in the optical path. STED fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy is demonstrated through the use of time-correlated single photon counting.     

Lateral resolution of 28 nm (<Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">λ</Emphasis> /25) in far-field fluorescence microscopy

We demonstrate sub-diffraction lateral resolution of 28±2 nm in far-field fluorescence microscopy through stimulated emission depletion effected by an amplified laser diode. Measurement of the optical transfer function in the focal plane reveals a 6-fold enlargement of the spatial bandwith over the diffraction limit. The resolution is established by imaging individual fluorescent molecules on a surface. Corresponding to 1/25 of the responsible wavelength, the attained resolution represents a new benchmark in far-field microscopy and underscores the viability of fluorescence nanoscopy with visible light, conventional optics and compact laser systems . PACS 32.50.+d; 42.30.-d; 78.45.+h; 87.57.Ce     

机载激光诱导荧光遥感系统相关参数的讨论

以文献[1]所设计的机载激光诱导荧光遥感成像系统为例,简要地分析了该遥感系统的荧光参数、信噪比、飞机飞行参数与系统性能的关系。探测器接收到的荧光强度和信噪比除了与激光器发射的功率、被激发物质的荧光量子效率、密度、浓度和探测器的量子效率等成正比外,还受遥感系统的仪器结构、探测器的灵敏度、荧光寿命、阳光的反射,以及大气散射等因素的影响。给出了遥感系统的空间分辨率与飞机飞行高度和速度、激光扫描频率和脉冲发射频率之间的关系。分析结果对实际研制机载激光荧光遥感系统有重要的参考价值。     

共焦扫描荧光显微镜的信噪比与测量精度

激光扫描共焦显微术和多光子显微术等新的显微成像技术可以对厚的生物样品实现光学断层成像 ,因而在生物医学诊断领域具有重要的应用前境。在Fried的一维分辨度理论的基础上 ,系统地讨论了运用共焦扫描荧光显微术在进行光学断层成像时 ,其光学断层平面分辨度与信噪比之间的定量关系 ,建立了实际显微成像系统平面测量精度的定量计算方法。所得出的结果对于选择共焦扫描显微成像系统的最佳参数及评价所设计的显微成像系统的性能具有重要的意义。     

Emerging biomedical and advanced applications of time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy

Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy is presently regarded as a research tool in biochemistry, biophysics, and chemical physics. Advances in laser technology, the development of long-wavelength probes, and the use of lifetime-based methods, are resulting in the rapid migration of timeresolved fluorescence to the clinical chemistry lab, the patient's bedside, and even to the doctor's office and home health care. Additionally, time-resolved imaging is now a reality in fluorescence microscopy and will provide chemical imaging of a variety of intracellular analytes and/or cellular phenomena. Future horizons of state-of-the-art spectroscopy are also described. Two photon-induced fluorescence provides an increased information content to time-resolved data. Two photoninduced fluorescence, combined with fluorescence microscopy and time-resolved imaging, promises to provide detailed three-dimensional chemical imaging of cells. Additionally, it has recently been demonstrated that the pulses from modern picosecond lasers can be used to quench and/or modify the excited-state population by stimulated emission since the stimulated photons are directed along the quenching beam and are not observed. The phenomenon of light quenching should allow a new class of multipulse time-resolved fluorescence experiments, in which the excited-state population is modified by additional pulses to provide highly oriented systems.     

Theoretical assessment of optical resolution enhancement and background fluorescence reduction by three-dimensional nonlinear structured illumination microscopy using stimulated emission depletion

Three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy (SIM) enlarges frequency cutoff laterally and axially by a factor of two, compared with conventional microscopy. However, its optical resolution is still fundamentally limited. It is necessary to introduce nonlinearity to enlarge frequency cutoff further. We propose three-dimensional nonlinear structured illumination microscopy based on stimulated emission depletion (STED) effect, which has a structured excitation pattern and a structured STED pattern, and both three-dimensional illumination patterns have the same lateral pitch and orientation. Theoretical analysis showed that nonlinearity induced by STED effect, which causes harmonics and contributes to enlarging frequency cutoff, depends on the phase difference between two structured illuminations and that the phase difference of π is the most efficient to increase nonlinearity. We also found that undesirable background fluorescence, which degenerates the contrast of structured pattern and limits the ability of SIM, can be reduced by our method. These results revealed that optical resolution improvement and background fluorescence reduction would be compatible. The feasibility study showed that our method will be realized with commercially available laser, having 3.5 times larger frequency cutoff compared with conventional microscopy.     

Photobleaching-Based Quantitative Analysis of Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer inside Single Living Cell

The current advances of fluorescence microscopy and new fluorescent probes make fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) a powerful technique for studying protein-protein interactions inside living cells. It is very hard to quantitatively analyze FRET efficiency using intensity-based FRET imaging microscopy due to the presence of autofluorescence and spectral crosstalks. In this study, we for the first time developed a novel photobleaching-based method to quantitatively detect FRET efficiency (Pb-FRET) by selectively photobleaching acceptor. The Pb-FRET method requires two fluorescence detection channels: a donor channel (CH ₁ ) to selectively detect the fluorescence from donor, and a FRET channel (CH ₂ ) which normally includes the fluorescence from both acceptor and donor due to emission spectral crosstalk. We used the Pb-FRET method to quantitatively measure the FRET efficiency of SCAT3, a caspase-3 indicator based on FRET, inside single living cells stably expressing SCAT3 during STS-induced apoptosis. At 0, 6 and 12 h after STS treatment, the FRET efficiency of SCAT3 obtained by Pb-FRET inside living cells was verified by two-photon excitation (TPE) fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). The temporal resolution of Pb-FRET method is in second time-scale for ROI photobleaching, even in microsecond time-scale for spot photobleaching. Our results demonstrate that the Pb-FRET method is independent of photobleaching degree, and is very useful for quantitatively monitoring protein-protein interactions inside single living cell.     

Two-photon near- and far-field fluorescence microscopy with continuous-wave excitation

We report on scanning far- and near-field two-photon microscopy of cell nuclei stained with DAPI and bisbenzimidazole Hoechst 33342 (BBI-342) with the 647-nm laser line of a cw ArKr mixed-gas laser. Two-photon-excited fluorescence images are obtained for 50-200 mW of average power at the sample. A nearly quadratic dependence of fluorescence intensity on laser power confirmed the two-photon effect. The nonlinearity was further supported by evidence of three-dimensional sectioning in a scanning far-field microscope. We find that the cw two-photon irradiation sufficient for imaging within typically 5 s does not significantly impair cell cycling of BBI-342-labeled live cells. Finally, high-resolution imaging in scanning near-field microscopy with good contrast is demonstrated.     

LDS751染料分子的时间分辨荧光谱

本文介绍用飞秒时间分辨荧光凹陷探测技术,获得激发态分子时间分辨荧光光谱的方法。文中描述了实验方法及其特点,给出了ＬＤＳ７５１染料分子的飞秒时间分辨荧光光谱。     

DHL细胞中5-ALA代谢PpIX的双光子荧光光谱

双光子激发生物组织荧光,激发光仅作用于焦点区域,对生物样品的光漂白性和光毒性都很小,因而双光子荧光显微技术已成为细胞生物学研究的一种新技术。文章采用波长为820 nm飞秒激光激发孵育有5-ALA的DHL细胞,在激光扫描显微镜的Lambda模式中获得单个DHL细胞的双光子荧光光谱,并测量DHL细胞内积聚的卟啉九(PpIX)特征荧光值。获得了浓度分别为2, 4和10 mmol·L-1的5-ALA溶液中,细胞代谢的PpIX含量随孵育时间的变化情况。DHL细胞内积聚的PpIX处于动态变化过程,并呈现出两阶段性的特点：细胞内积聚的PpIX含量随着孵育时间增长而增加,在3 h附近达到最大值,随后随着孵育时间增长反而下降。结果表明,基于激光扫描显微的双光子荧光光谱可成为DHL细胞等白血病细胞摄取5-ALA并生成PpIX的动力学研究的有效方法。