湍流喷注噪声的压力关系

自五十年代以来,对亚声速及超声速喷注噪声有大量的研究工作,但对阻塞喷注的湍流噪声研究甚少。作者曾于文献[1]中提出阻塞喷注湍流噪声的压力关系。本文是以前工作的继续,作者发现只要将文献[1]中所提出的关系式略加修改,适用范围便可以延至亚声速喷注。并得到湍流喷注噪声的发生机理。根据这个关系,可以推论喷注中的湍流噪声,无论是阻塞或非阻塞,来源都是湍流脉动的四极子源,只是在阻塞喷注中湍流速度继续随驻点压力增加,虽然气流的平均速度不再改变。作者还提出了湍流速度变化的规律,它的合理性及导出的噪声公式为实验结果所证明。     

Shock associated noise of inverted-profile coannular jets,part III: Shock structure and noise characteristics

The basic objective of the work described in this paper is to obtain an understanding of the characteristics of shock associated noise from inverted-profile coannular jets in terms of the properties of the shock cell structure and the jet flow. To achieve this, a first-order shock-cell model is developed. Based on the concept that shock-associated noise is generated by the weak interaction between the large-scale turbulent structures in the mixing layers of the jet and the repetitive shock-cell system, formulae for the peak frequencies as well as noise intensity scaling are derived. The calculated results of these formulae agree very favorably with experimental results.     

基于FGM的湍流射流扩散火焰超大涡模拟

为了研究超大涡模拟(VLES)预测湍流燃烧问题的能力,本文采用VLES结合基于假定概率密度函数的火焰面生成流型(FGM)建表湍流燃烧模型对值班甲烷/空气湍流射流扩散火焰(Sandia Flame D)开展了高精度数值研究,并与实验结果进行了详细比较。结果表明本文发展的VLES-FGM方法可以较准确地预测出湍流射流扩散火焰中的非稳态燃烧过程,且VLES湍流模拟方法对于湍流燃烧问题具有较大的应用潜力。     

A new modeling approach for mixture fraction statistics based on dissipation elements

The probabilty density function (PDF) of the mixture fraction is of integral importance to a large number of combustion models. Here, a novel modelling approach for the PDF of the mixture fraction is proposed which employs dissipation elements. While being restricted to the commonly used mean and variance of the mixture fraction, this model approach individually considers contributions of the laminar regions as well as the turbulent core and the turbulent/non-turbulent interface region. The later region poses a highly intermittent part of the flow which is of high relevance to the non-premixed combustion of pure hydrocarbon fuels. The model assumptions are justified by means of the gradient trajectory based analysis of high fidelity direct numerical simulation (DNS) datasets of two turbulent inert configurations and a turbulent non-premixed jet flame. The new dissipation element based model is validated against the DNS datasets and a comparison with the beta PDF is presented.     

蒸汽浸没射流引起的紊流区轴向温度分布研究

本文采用紊态扩散模型分析了蒸汽浸没射流凝结过程,通过假设紊流区为单相水轴对称流动,利用自由紊动射流理论得到了紊流区轴向温度的计算公式。根据先前给出的温度特性半宽的实验关联式,得到蒸汽浸没射流引起的紊流区单相水射流的虚源,从而给出了计算紊流区轴向温度的半经验公式。本文中利用无量纲穿透长度确定了紊流区的起点位置,在此紊流区范围内,轴向温度的计算值和实验值吻合得较好,相对误差基本在±5%以内。     

Modelling of turbulent lifted jet flames using flamelets: a priori assessment and a posteriori validation

This study focuses on the modelling of turbulent lifted jet flames using flamelets and a presumed Probability Density Function (PDF) approach with interest in both flame lift-off height and flame brush structure. First, flamelet models used to capture contributions from premixed and non-premixed modes of the partially premixed combustion in the lifted jet flame are assessed using a Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) data for a turbulent lifted hydrogen jet flame. The joint PDFs of mixture fraction Z and progress variable c, including their statistical correlation, are obtained using a copula method, which is also validated using the DNS data. The statistically independent PDFs are found to be generally inadequate to represent the joint PDFs from the DNS data. The effects of Z–c correlation and the contribution from the non-premixed combustion mode on the flame lift-off height are studied systematically by including one effect at a time in the simulations used for a posteriori validation. A simple model including the effects of chemical kinetics and scalar dissipation rate is suggested and used for non-premixed combustion contributions. The results clearly show that both Z–c correlation and non-premixed combustion effects are required in the premixed flamelets approach to get good agreement with the measured flame lift-off heights as a function of jet velocity. The flame brush structure reported in earlier experimental studies is also captured reasonably well for various axial positions. It seems that flame stabilisation is influenced by both premixed and non-premixed combustion modes, and their mutual influences.     

A study on large coherent structures and noise emission in a turbulent round jet

A moderate Reynolds number,and high subsonic turbulent round jet is investigated by large eddy simulation.The detailed results(e.g.mean flow properties,turbulence intensities,etc.)are validated against the experimental data,and special attention is paid to study motions of coherent structures and their contributions to far-field noise.Eulerian methods(e.g.Q-criteria andλ2criteria)are utilized for visualizing coherent structures directly for instantaneous flow fields,and Lagrangian coherent structures accounting for integral effect are shown via calculating fields of finite time Lyapunov exponents based on bidimensional velocity fields.All visualizations demonstrate that intrusion of three-dimensional vortical structures into jet core occurs intermittently at the end of the potential core,resulting from the breakdown of helical vortex rings in the shear layer.Intermittencies in the shear layer and on the centerline are studied quantitatively,and distinctively different distributions of probability density function are observed.Moreover,the physical sound sources are obtained through a filtering operation of defined sources in Lighthill’s analogy,and their distributions verify that intrusion of vortical structures into the core region serves as important sound sources,in particular for noise at aft angles.The facts that intermittent behaviors are caused by motions of coherent structures and correlated with noise generation imply that to establish reasonable sound sources in active noise production region based on intermittent coherent structures is one of the key issues for far-field noise prediction.     

Random particle methods applied to broadband fan interaction noise

Predicting broadband fan noise is key to reduce noise emissions from aircraft and wind turbines. Complete CFD simulations of broadband fan noise generation remain too expensive to be used routinely for engineering design. A more efficient approach consists in synthesizing a turbulent velocity field that captures the main features of the exact solution. This synthetic turbulence is then used in a noise source model. This paper concentrates on predicting broadband fan noise interaction (also called leading edge noise) and demonstrates that a random particle mesh method (RPM) is well suited for simulating this source mechanism. The linearized Euler equations are used to describe sound generation and propagation. In this work, the definition of the filter kernel is generalized to include non-Gaussian filters that can directly follow more realistic energy spectra such as the ones developed by Liepmann and von Kármán. The velocity correlation and energy spectrum of the turbulence are found to be well captured by the RPM. The acoustic predictions are successfully validated against Amiet’s analytical solution for a flat plate in a turbulent stream. A standard Langevin equation is used to model temporal decorrelation, but the presence of numerical issues leads to the introduction and validation of a second-order Langevin model.     

Identifying turbulent jet sound sources

Theoretical models of the formation of the acoustic field of a nonisothermal turbulent flow are analyzed. The paper presents possible methods of constructing solutions to the convective wave equation for a shear parallel nonisothermal turbulent flow. A simplified mathematical model of noise sources in the field of a nonisothermal shear turbulent flow is considered, based on real physical notions on the processes occurring in the jet mixing range, making it possible to approximately estimate the spectral noise characteristics.     

Acoustic properties of heated twin jets

A thorough experimental study of the noise characteristics of twin jets is presented in this paper. Twin round jets are investigated at typical jet engine conditions: that is, with heated high velocity flow. By varying the nozzle to nozzle spacing, it is possible to discriminate between the effects of turbulent mixing and acoustic shielding. As a result of this investigation, it was established that the turbulent mixing effects (both interaction noise generation and mixing suppression) occur for closely spaced nozzles. While acoustic shielding occurs at all nozzle spacings, it plays the dominant role at wide nozzle spacings. The levels of this acoustic shielding afforded by an adjacent jet can be sufficient to cause a nearly complete masking of the noise of the shielded jet. A significant discovery of this investigation was the importance of the layer of cooler, slower moving ambient air that exists between the twin jet plumes. This inter-jet layer causes acoustic refraction and reflection, and as the nozzle separation increases, the layer extends to shield more of the jet noise sources.     

Revisiting the boundary layer structure used in Craig and Gordon's model of isotope fractionation in evaporation

Craig and Gordon's (CG) model of isotope fractionation in evaporation was derived more than 40 years ago and was based on the turbulent boundary layer structure model acceptable at that time. That view suggested that turbulent flows consist of eddies with a wide range of length scales moving randomly in the flow domain. There is evidence that some parameters in CG model do not fully correspond to data in the literature. Owing to advances in fluid dynamics research techniques, it has been shown in recent decades that the apparent chaotic flow in turbulent boundary layers is in fact governed by few well-organised structures. This article reviews the major characteristics of these coherent structures based on available results from experimental, numerical and theoretical studies of turbulent and laminar boundary layers. The review points on some differences between past and present views of the boundary layer structure and on their relation and possible influence on power laws in CG model.     

快速随机粒子网格法的气动噪声预测方法

耦合随机湍流速度生成模型与线化欧拉方程技术,形成了一套具备模拟噪声在非均匀流场中传播能力的气动噪声混合预测方法。该混合方法的随机湍流速度生成模型采用了快速随机粒子网格法,为声传播模拟提供了可靠的源项。而噪声的传播计算选用线化欧拉方程,其空间离散采用9点5阶的色散保持关系格式,时间推进选用了高精度大时间步长的6级4阶龙格库塔格式,远场边界应用了无分裂形式的理想匹配层边界条件。首先,选用高斯脉冲传播算例对线化欧拉方程的时空离散格式、远场无反射边界条件进行了验证分析。然后,计算分析各向同性湍流的空间相关性验证湍流速度生成模型的可靠性。最后,基于已搭建的气动噪声混合预测方法进行了30P30N三段翼缝翼噪声的计算分析。计算分析可知:监测点处功率谱密度曲线、噪声指向性等计算结果与参考文献结果取得了较好的一致性。数值计算结果表明所建立的气动噪声混合预测方法能有效预测二维复杂构型的气动噪声问题。      

An Improved Method to Determine Particle Dispersion Width for Efficient Modeling of Turbulent Two‐Phase Flows

An improved approach is presented for the hybrid Eulerian‐Lagrangian modeling of turbulent two‐phase flows. The hybrid model consists of a nonlinear k–ε model for the fluid flow and an efficient Lagrangian trajectory model for the particulate flow. The improved approach avoids an empirical correlation required to determine the dispersion width for the existing Stochastic‐Probabilistic Efficiency Enhanced Dispersion (SPEED) model. The improved SPEED model is validated using experimental data for a poly‐dispersed water spray interacting with a turbulent annular air jet behind a bluff‐body. Numerical results for the number‐mean and Sauter‐mean droplet diameters, as well as mean and fluctuating droplet velocities are compared with the experimental data and with the predictions of other dispersion models. It is demonstrated that higher computational efficiency and smoother profiles of Sauter‐mean diameter can be obtained with the improved stochastic‐probabilistic model than with the eddy‐interaction model.     

Arterial stenosis murmurs: an analysis of flow and pressure fields

The flow field distal to an arterial stenosis is simulated by a confined turbulent jet with moderate Reynolds numbers. The wall pressure fluctuations are related to the momentum fluctuations of the jet by the Poisson equation. A Green's function was derived to satisfy the boundary conditions on a cylindrical surface. This allows the solution of the Poisson's equation to include only a volume integral of the fluctuating momentum, weighed by the relative distance between the source and the sensor. The velocity fluctuations on the jet centerline and at the middle of the shear layer were measured using a laser Doppler anemometer. The wall pressure fluctuations were detected simultaneously by an array of nine wall-mounted pressure transducers along the axial direction. Cross correlation performed between the velocity and pressure fluctuations reveals that the pressure fluctuations were mostly imposed by the passage of turbulent eddies with a convective velocity that is a function of the jet exit velocity. The Strouhal number, defined by the frequency of the passing large-scale structure, is a function of the initial conditions only very close to the jet exit. Further downstream, where the effect of the initial conditions is lost, the Strouhal number approaches a constant irrespect of the jet Reynolds number. The contribution of a source near the jet exit to wall pressure fluctuation near the reattachment is rather weak due to the rapidly decaying weighting function in the axial direction. However, for sources located within one nozzle diameter from the sensor, the cross-spectral density function has a high magnitude with maximum coherence where the pressure spectral changes its slope.     

Simultaneous determination of velocity,turbulence and particle concentration of a turbulent flow using laser cross-beam photon-correlation spectroscopy

A turbulent velocity model is proposed to describe certain types of turbulent flows. An expression of the photon correlation function for laser cross-beam light scattering based on this model is presented, and it is found to give excellent agreement with experimental data. With least-square fitting, the measured spectrum allows the simultaneous determination of the mean flow velocity, turbulent velocity, and the number of scatterers.     

抬举湍流H2/N2射流火焰的PDF模拟

采用数值目的研究了一个高温燃烧产物环境中的抬举湍流H₂/N₂射流火焰,对火焰的自然和抬举特性进行了研究.采用标量联合概率密度函数(PDF)目的处理详细的化学动力学过程,而湍流流场采用一个多时间尺度(MTS)k-ε湍流模型计算.计算中结合了一套描述氢气氧化的详细化学反应动力学机理.计算结果和实验数据进行了对比,表明所采用的模型可以精确的模拟火焰抬举高度和自然的过程.     

Observation of laser light scattering by a turbulent gas without seeding

An experiment of laser light scattering by a turbulent highly subsonic free jet of air is presented. The originality of the method lies in the fact that no particle seeding is needed. The experimental scattering cross section, which can be interpreted from the three-dimensional spectral density of temperature fluctuations, is compared to the theoretical one obtained by turbulent mixing theories. The scattered field time correlations measured in the heterodyne mode are interpreted by considering the Doppler effect on moving turbulent eddies and compared with theory. The intensity time correlations measured in the homodyne mode are interpreted in terms of local properties of the turbulence.     

Noise signal propagation in soft biological tissues

Mathematical models are formulated that discribe linear and nonlinear wave propagation in biological tissues. The basis of the method is evolutionary integro-differential equations with a kernel that takes into account the specific properties of tissue. An equation is obtained for the correlation function of acoustic noise in a medium with memory. The procedure for calculating the correlation function by the given type of kernel and noise spectrum at the entrance to the medium is described. It is shown that in different tissue, there is a difference in the laws of decrease in full intensity of a wideband signal with distance. It is demonstrated that the nonlinear equation in the limiting cases of ??short-?? and ??long-term?? memory reduces to equations that have been well studied in statistical nonlinear acoustics.     

Velocity measurements in jets with application to noise source modeling

This paper describes an experimental investigation of the statistical properties of turbulent velocity fluctuations in an axisymmetric jet. The focus is on those properties that are relevant to the prediction of noise. Measurements are performed using two single hot-wire anemometers as well as a two-component anemometer. Two-point cross correlations of the axial velocity fluctuations and of the fluctuations in the square of the axial velocity fluctuations are presented. Several reference locations in the jet are used including points on the jet lip and centerline. The scales of the turbulence and the convection velocity are determined, both in an overall sense as well as a function of frequency. The relationship between the second and fourth order correlations is developed and compared with the experimental data. The implications of the use of dimensional as well as non-dimensional correlations are considered. Finally, a comparison is made between the length scales deduced from the flow measurements and a RANS CFD calculation.     

Rings: Semicoherent oceanic features

Solitary wave or isolated eddy models are often invoked to explain the longevity of strong nonlinear features in oceans and atmospheres. But when we look at the physics in detail, we find that models of isolated eddies often hinge either on an oversimplification of the dynamics or on constraints which are not appropriate for the observed eddies. In a more complete model, as this study demonstrates, rings (and probably other nonlinear geophysical eddies as well) will interact with their surroundings via Rossby wave radiation, primarily in the barotropic mode. Such wave generation leads to a slow decay of the eddy as energy leaks into the wave field.