A self-learning coupled map lattice for vortex shedding in cable and cylinder wakes

A coupled map lattice (CML) with self-learning features is developed to model flow over freely vibrating cables and stationary cylinders at low Reynolds numbers. Coupled map lattices that combine a series of low-dimensional circle maps with a diffusion model have been used previously to predict qualitative features of these flows. However, the simple nature of these CML models implies that there will be unmodeled wake features if a detailed, quantitative comparison is made with laboratory or simulated wake flows. Motivated by a desire to develop an improved CML model, we incorporate self-learning features into a new CML that is first trained to precisely estimate wake patterns from a target numerical simulation. A new convective-diffusive map that includes additional wake dynamics is developed. The new self-learning CML uses an adaptive estimation scheme (multivariable least-squares algorithm). Studies of this approach are conducted using wake patterns from a Navier-Stokes solution (spectral element-based NEKTAR simulation) of freely vibrating cable wakes at Reynolds numbers Re=100. It is shown that the self-learning model accurately and efficiently estimates the simulated wake patterns. The self-learning scheme is then successfully applied to vortex shedding patterns obtained from experiments on stationary cylinders. This constitutes a first step toward the use of the self-learning CML as a wake model in flow control studies of laboratory wake flows.     

The onset of chaos in the wake of an oscillating cylinder: Experiment and the dynamics of the circle map

This paper deals with a comparison between experimental observations in a low-Reynolds-number wake behind an oscillating cylinder and the universal properties of a sine circle map. When the limit cycle due to the natural vortex shedding in the wake is modulated at a second frequency by oscillating the cylinder transversely, one obtains in phase space a flow on a two torus. The nonlinear interaction between the two oscillators results in Arnol’d tongues due to phase locking, the devil’s staircase along the critical line, and a transition from order to chaosvia the quasiperiodic route. The sine circle map describes these features adequately. A comparison between the experiment and the theory is made in terms of multifractal formalism and trajectory scaling function.     

陈氏混沌系统的自适应控制

通过简单的线性状态反馈方法,分别在系统参数已知和未知的情况下研究了陈氏混沌系统的控制问题.当参数已知时,给出了反馈增益的范围;当参数未知时,设计了一自适应控制器,它克服了一般的自适应控制器中控制律不连续的缺点.通过实验仿真证明了所给方法的有效性. 关键词： 陈氏混沌系统 混沌控制 自适应控制     

Vortex flow patterns of a heaving foil

It is known that an oscillating foil can produce a thrust force through the generation of a reverse Kármán vortex street and this can be expected to be a new highly effective propulsion system. A heaving foil model was made and it was operated within a circulating water channel. The wake formation behind the heaving foil was visualized using PIV method and a dynamic thrust force was measured using a mini 6-axis force sensor based on force and moment detectors. We examined various conditions such as reduced frequency and amplitude in NACA 0010 profile. The vortical patterns in the wake were classified according to the wake mode and force data.     

Effects of Scale-Free Topological Properties on Dynamical Synchronization and Control in Coupled Map Lattices

In the paper,we study effects of scale-free (SF) topology on dynamical synchronization and control in coupled map lattices (CML).Our strategy is to apply three feedback control methods,including constant feedback and two types of time-delayed feedback,to a small fraction of network nodes to reach desired synchronous state.Two controlled bifurcation diagrams verses feedback strength are obtained respectively.It is found that the value of critical feedback strength γc for the first time-delayed feedback control is increased linearly as ε is increased linearly.The CML with SF loses synchronization and intermittency occurs if γ,＞γc.Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate all results.     

Flow patterns of cross-flow around a varicose cylinder

The near wake of a varicose cylinder has been experimentally investigated using Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) and Digital Particle Imaging Velocimetry (DPIV). The work aims to provide understanding to the mechanism of the cross flow around varicose cylinder as well as to comprehend why the introduction of relatively small degrees of spanwise waviness can have a significant effect on drag reduction and suppression of the cylinder vibration. The evolution of the flow patterns and the corresponding vortex interactions are obtained. The experimental results indicated that the wake width and the formation length vary along the span of the varicose cylinder. A wider wake and a longer formation length were observed in the saddle plane. In addition, an interpretation of the three-dimensional wake structures is postulated and conceptually shown. The numerical simulation by 3-D finite volume method is successful in predicting the flow features found by the experiments.     

Lattice Boltzmann Simulation of the Cross Flow Over a Cantilevered and Longitudinally Vibrating Circular Cylinder

The multiple-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann method （MRT-LBM） is implemented to numerically simulate the cross flow over a longitudinal vibrating circular cylinder. This research is carried out on a three-dimensional （3D） finite cantilevered cylinder to investigate the effect of forced vibration on the wake characteristics and the 3D effect of a cantilevered cylinder. To meet the accuracy of this method, the present calculation is carried out at a low Reynolds number Re =100, as well as to make the vibration obvious, we make the vibration strong enough. The calculation results indicate that the vibration has significant influence on the wake characteristics. When the vibrating is big enough, our early works show that the 2D vortex shedding would be locked up by vibration. Contrarily, this phenomenon would not appear in the present 3D case because of the end effect of the cantilevered cylinder.     

An optical measurement of vortex shape at a free surface

We have proposed an optical method of vortex shape measurement based on Fourier transform profilometry (FTP) and verified it by experiment. The results of our experiment proposed in this paper show that FTP can efficiently reconstruct the vortex shape at a free surface and this method is suitable for wide use in studying such problems as liquid shear flow, wake of an object, flow behind a bluff body, and wetting angle.     

Numerical Simulation of Two-Dimensional Flow over Three Cylinders by LatticeBoltzmann Method

The numerical simulation using the multiple relaxation time lattice Boltzmann method (MRT-LBM) is carried out for the purpose of investigating the two-dimensional flow around three circular cylinders. Among these three circular cylinders, one of the three cylinders on which a forced in-line vibrating is used to do this research and attempt to find out the effects of the movingcylinder and the other two rigid cylinders on the wake characteristics and vortex formation. As a benchmark problem to discuss the problem of lift coefficient r.m.s for these cylinders with spacing ratios T/D between other rigid side-by-side cylinders, and the calculation is carried out with two compared cases at Reynolds number of 100, two of the cylinders are rigid and the other one is an in-line vibrated cylinder lying downstream, in addition, forced vibrating amplitude and frequency are A/D= 0.5 and f_ν=0.4 (where A is the forced amplitude, D is the cylinder diameter, and f_ν stands for the vibrating frequency, respectively). The calculated results not onlyindicate that the spacing ratios T/D (T is the center-to-center spacing between the two upstream cylinders) have influence on the wake patterns and the formation of vortex shedding, but also analyze the lift coefficient r.m.s for the three cylinders with the spacing ratios S/D (where S is the center-to-center spacing between the center of upstream two side-by-side cylinders and downstream cylinder).     

随机性参数自适应的混沌同步

对两个不同参数的混沌系统进行随机性参数自适应控制，选取合适的控制律和反馈系数，导致其同步.以Henon映射为例进行数值模拟，结果表明，由于控制周期和反馈系数的随机变化，具有一定的实用意义. 关键词： Henon映射 混沌同步 随机性自适应控制     

Nature of the source of vortex sound flowing around a cylindrical profile

This paper is devoted to refining the nature of a vortex sound source and validly estimating the parameters of the region of source origination in a wake behind a cylindrical profile depending on the incoming flow velocity and profile diameter. Based on experimental measurements of the rms values of pressure pulsations on the surface and in the wake behind the profile and hydrodynamic laws for 2D fluid flows, the position of the origin of the vortex street in the wake and the size of the region where the street is still irregular are estimated. In this region, the street dimensions and pressure pulsation amplitudes change with distance from the profile. It is found that the maximum of the pressure pulsation in the wake approaches the profile surface in the range of Reynolds numbers (4.7 × 10³?1.5 × 10⁴); the amplitude of pressure pulsations on the profile and vortex sound intensity also increase. Based on the relationship between the source’s position and size and the width of the vortex street, as well as taking into account the decay of vortex circulation in the street with increasing distance to the profile, it is shown that the distance from the source to the surface of the profile should not exceed two gages. It is shown that an obstacle in the wake in the region of its irregularity causes a decrease in pressure pulsations on the profile and attenuation of emitted sound. Sound emission ceases completely when the obstacle comes in direct contact with the region of origination of the vortex street. Theoretical estimates satisfactorily agree with the measurement results.     

基于1.5 μm多普勒激光雷达的飞机尾涡探测技术研究

为规避尾涡威胁,保障飞行安全,研究了飞机尾涡的激光探测技术.介绍了尾涡探测基本原理,给出了激光探测方式设计和探测系统参量选择.基于设计的尾涡激光探测方案,研究了飞机尾涡回波多普勒谱与机型参量、飞行参量以及环境参量间的关系,获得了尾涡的径向速度分布规律,建立了尾涡回波多普勒谱模型,选取最佳尾涡参量估计算法用于尾涡的全面表征|通过开展A340的尾涡探测外场实验验证了激光探测尾涡的可行性和尾涡参量估计算法的有效性.研究表明,尾涡回波多普勒谱值与径向速度的三次方成反比,与涡流环量的二次方成正比.     

Inverted forerunning and wake of the solitary oscillating abrikosov vortex in a magnetic superconductor

The magnetic structure of a solitary oscillating Abrikosov vortex in a magnetic superconductor is investigated. It is shown that the process of the vortex motion in the presence of the magnetic subsystem substantially modifies the shape of the vortex, with the result that there appears an “inverted forerunning” in front of the vortex and an “inverted wake” behind it that is far from its center.     

Two-dimensional structure of the wake behind a pitching airfoil with higher non-dimensional pitching rate

Two-dimensional flow patterns have been visualized by two kinds of dyes and a VTR camera in a water tunnel atRe=4.0×10³ in order to study how flow patterns of vortex changed behind a pitching airfoil with various pitching rates and pitching amplitudes. The tested airfoil was NACA0010. The experiment was performed under the conditions such as the pitching motions with sinusoidal or triangular wave around its mid- or quarter-chord axis. The non-dimensional pitching rates werek=1.97, 2.81 and 4.22. The pitching amplitudes were changed asA=±2, ±6 and ±12, however the mean angle of attack was fixed atμ _m =0°. As a result, the followings were clarified. The flow pattern of thrust producing vortex street was observed in the wake behind the pitching airfoil with a higher nondimensional pitching rate. Similar flow patterns of the vortex were observed in spite of the differences in the location of pitching motion axis, in the pitching motion wave profile and in the pitching amplitude. Moreover, the pitching motion around the quarter-chord axis with triangular wave could realize the thrust producing vortex street more easily.     

Study of the breakup of liquid droplets in the vortex wake behind pylon at high airspeeds

The study is devoted to the establishment of regularities in the process of liquid-droplet breakup in the vortex wake behind pylon at high subsonic airspeeds. The article describes the laboratory setup, the diagnostic tools, and the experimental procedure. Structure of the unsteady gas flow behind pylon was examined, and the main characteristics of the generated vortex wake were evaluated. Experimental data concerning the variation of droplet diameters in the gas-dynamic fractionation process versus the flow conditions and liquid injection regimes were obtained. Typical distribu-tions of droplet diameters and velocities in the vortex wake behind pylon are reported. A comparison of experimental data on the rate of the gas-dynamic fractionation process with calculations made using previously developed evaluation procedures was performed. The results of the study may prove useful when choosing the configuration of systems for implementation of liquid injection into a high-speed flow and, also, for validation of mathematical models intended for calculation of parameters of two-phase flows.     

Controlling wake turbulence

This Letter introduces a control strategy for taming the wake turbulence behind a cylinder. An angular momentum injection scheme is proposed to synchronize the vertical velocity field. We show that the base suction, wake formation length, absolute instability, and the Kármán vortex street are effectively controlled by the angular momentum injection. A control equation is designed to implement the injection. The Navier-Stokes equations, along with the control equation, are solved. The occurrence of a new recirculation free zone is identified.     

Robust synchronization and anti-synchronization of identical Φ6 oscillators via adaptive sliding mode control

The main goal of this paper is to propose the single input robust adaptive sliding mode controllers to accomplish synchronization and anti-synchronization between two identical Φ⁶ Duffing or Van der Pol oscillators with unmodel dynamics and external disturbances. Unlike directly eliminating the nonlinear dynamics by active control and sliding mode control in the literature, the proposed sliding mode controllers include the equivalent control part, which is only proportional to the synchronized error states, and the switching control part, where the discontinuous control functions have adaptive feedback gains. Sufficient conditions are provided based on the Lyapunov stability theorem and numerical simulations are performed to verify the effectiveness of presented schemes.     

3D simulation and visualization of unsteady wake flow behind a cylinder

In this paper we focus on 3D simulation of unsteady wake flow behind a circular cylinder. We show that in addition to accurate formulations and sufficiently-refined meshes, efficient computing methods are essential components of an effective simulation strategy. We use the Multi-Domain Method (MDM) we developed recently in computation of two cases. At Reynolds number 300, we demonstrate how the MDM enables us to use highly-refined meshes to capture wake patterns which we otherwise cannot fully represent. At Reynolds number 140, we show that with the MDM we can extend our computations sufficiently downstream, and with sufficient accuracy, to successfully capture the second phase of the Karman vortex street, which has been observed in laboratory experiments, and which has double the spacing between the vortices compared to the first phase.     

On a simple recursive control algorithm automated and applied to an electrochemical experiment

We review a simple recursive proportional feedback (RPF) control strategy for stabilizing unstable periodic orbits found in chaotic attractors. The method is generally applicable to high-dimensional systems and stabilizes periodic orbits even if they are completely unstable, i.e., have no stable manifolds. The goal of the control scheme is the fixed point itself rather than a stable manifold and the controlled system reaches the fixed point in d+1 steps, where d is the dimension of the state space of the Poincare map. We provide a geometrical interpretation of the control method based on an extended phase space. Controllability conditions or special symmetries that limit the possibility of using a single control parameter to control multiply unstable periodic orbits are discussed. An automated adaptive learning algorithm is described for the application of the control method to an experimental system with no previous knowledge about its dynamics. The automated control system is used to stabilize a period-one orbit in an experimental system involving electrodissolution of copper. (c) 1997 American Institute of Physics.     

Inverted satellites of a solitary oscillating pearl vortex in a thin magnetic superconductor film

An electrodynamic equation is derived for the magnetic field of an isolated Pearl vortex moving along an arbitrary trajectory in an ultrathin film of a magnetic superconductor. This equation is valid for any type of magnetic order in the magnetic subsystem. The magnetic structure of an isolated oscillating Pearl vortex is investigated in a thin magnetic superconductor film. Oscillations of the vortex and the presence of the magnetic subsystem are shown to lead to a significant renormalization of the vortex field in comparison with the Pearl solution. New phenomena of inverted satellites are predicted in which an inverted precursor appears in front of the vortex and an inverted wake is formed behind the latter at a distance of the order of 10λ_eff from the vortex center. These phenomena can be observed in magnetooptical experiments.