Influence of the cross-sectional shape of tensile bars on their creep rupture strength in a corrosive medium

The creep rupture strength of tensile bars in a corrosive medium is studied. The time to failure of the bars is analyzed as a function of their cross-sectional shape. It is shown that the influence of the corrosive medium on the creep rupture strength of the bars is determined by the diffusion of its elements into the bar material, resulting in a decrease in its creep rupture strength. The diffusion of the corrosive medium into a bar is studied using an approximate method for solving the diffusion equation taking into account the motion of the diffusion front. Bars with different cross-sectional shapes are considered using Rabotnov kinetic theory. It is shown that at the same tensile stress, the bar with a circular cross-section has minimum time to failure.     

Capillary bridges and capillary forces between two axisymmetric power–law particles

Capillary interactions are fundamentally important in many scientific and industrial fields. However, most existing models of the capillary bridges and capillary forces between two solids with a mediated liquid, are based on extremely simple geometrical configurations, such as sphere–plate, sphere–sphere, and plate–plate. The capillary bridge and capillary force between two axisymmetric power–law profile particles with a mediated constant-volume liquid are investigated in this study. A dimensionless method is adopted to calculate the capillary bridge shape between two power–law profile particles based on the Young–Laplace equation. The critical rupture criterion of the liquid bridge is shown in four forms that produce consistent results. It was found that the dimensionless rupture distance changes little when the shape index is larger than 2. The results show that the power–law index has a significant influence on the capillary force between two power–law particles. This is directly attributed to the different shape profiles of power–law particles with different indices. Effects of various other parameters such as ratio of the particle equivalent radii, liquid contact angle, liquid volume, and interparticle distance on the capillary force between two power–law particles are also examined.     

From the onset of damage to rupture: construction of responses with damage localization for a general class of gradient damage models

We propose a construction method of non-homogeneous solutions for the traction problem of an elastic damaging bar. This bar has a softening behavior that obeys a gradient damaged model. The method is applicable for a wide range of brittle materials. For sufficiently long bars, we show that localization arises on sets whose length is proportional to the material internal length and with a profile that is also a material characteristic. From its onset until the rupture, the damage profile is obtained either in a closed form or after a simple numerical integration depending on the model. Thus, the proposed method provides definitions for the critical stress and fracture energy that can be compared with experimental results. We finally discuss some features of the global behavior of the bar such as the possibility of a snapback at the onset of damage. We point out the sensitivity of the responses to the parameters of the damage law. All these theoretical considerations are illustrated by numerical examples.     

一定初缺陷杆在轴向冲击下弹塑性动态屈曲有限元计算

本文用有限元方法分析了一定初缺陷杆受轴向冲击的弹塑性动态屈曲。由变形功相关的屈曲判据求出屈曲时间,计算了初缺陷及冲击载荷形状和大小对屈曲时间的影响。     

La dynamique des tremblements de terre vue à travers le séisme de Landers du 28 juin 1992

We study the influence of initial conditions and of friction laws on the propagation of dynamic rupture during the earthquake of 28 June 1992 in Landers, California. We model this earthquake solving the elastodynamic wave equation by a finite difference method and we model observed accelerograms in order to get a better knowledge of the dynamic rupture process of this earthquake. In our model rupture propagates spontaneously under the simultaneous control of the initial stress field and friction. We model friction by a simple slip-weakening law. Finally, we inverted the initial stress field and the friction law from the radiation produced by 1992 Landers earthquake using a trial-and-error method. The dynamic model obtained by trial-and-error inversion provides a very satisfactory fit between synthetics and strong motion data. Rupture history and duration of the Landers earthquake are in good agreement with previous kinematic inversion results, without introducing major changes in final slip distribution on the fault. The solution of the dynamic inverse problem is non-unique because this problem is intrinsically ill-posed. Two complementary mechanical models were inverted in order to model the Landers earthquake, and to reproduce the seismic data. The first model corresponds to the asperity model in which only initial stress distribution is heterogeneous. The second model is a barrier model in which the initial stress was perfectly uniform while rupture resistance was heterogeneous. To cite this article: S. Peyrat et al., C. R. Mecanique 330 (2002) 235–248.     

Fatigue damage modeling in solder interconnects using a cohesive zone approach

The objective of this work is to model the fatigue damage process in a solder bump subjected to cyclic loading conditions. Fatigue damage is simulated using the cohesive zone methodology. Damage is assumed to occur at interfaces modeled through cohesive zones in the material, while the bulk material is assumed to be linear elastic. The state of damage at a cohesive zone is incorporated into the cohesive zone constitutive law by a elasticity-based damage variable. The gradual degradation of the solder material and the corresponding damage accumulation throughout the cycling process is accounted for by a damage evolution law which captures the main damage characteristics. The model prediction of the solder bump life-time is shown to be in good agreement with one of the commonly used empirical life-time prediction laws.     

Stability of bars with variable rigidity

A variable cross-section bar is considered. The bar is not uniform in length. The bar axis through the mass centers of all cross sections is a straight line. The bar is compressed by a longitudinal force applied to the mass center of the boundary cross section. The stability loss of the straight-line shape of the bar’s equilibrium is discussed when a curved shape is also possible. Approximate analytical formulas are obtained for the critical compressive force when four types of end fixing are used for a periodically nonuniform bar. The numerical results obtained by these formulas are compared with the known exact solutions to the stability equation for a bar whose cross section is stepwise variable and whose nonuniformity consists of only one period (the limiting case).     

NECESSARY CONDITIONS FOR SEPARATION OF STRAIGHT BAR FROM HORIZONTAL PLANE WITHOUT SLIDING

该文研究的是起初竖直静置于水平面上的非均质细直杆的倾倒过程,利用质心运动定理、机械能守恒定律和定轴转动定理导出了直杆在下端不滑动情况下所受支持力的表达式,据此指出了直杆能够脱离水平面的必要条件同时包括两部分：对直杆质量分布的要求;对直杆与水平面之间的静摩擦因数的要求。     

Geometrically non-linear eccentrically compressed columns of uniform creep strength vs optimal columns

Optimality of geometrically non-linear eccentrically compressed columns of uniform strength in creep conditions is investigated. A third-order theory with siretehability of axis taken into account is employed. Norton's non-linear creep law and Kachanov's hypothesis of brittle creeprupture is used and an I-column of uniform strength for a given life-time is numerically evaluated. Then this column is. found to be non-optimal and a futher parametrical optimization is performed under the constraint of constant volume of the constant volume of the column. The life-time of the optimal column is considerably increased.     

Gradient Damage Models Coupled with Plasticity and Nucleation of Cohesive Cracks

In the framework of rate-independent systems, a family of elastic-plastic-damage models is proposed through a variational formulation. Since the goal is to account for softening behaviors until the total failure, the dissipated energy contains a gradient damage term in order to limit localization effects. The resulting model owns a great flexibility in the possible coupled responses, depending on the constitutive parameters. Moreover, considering the one-dimensional quasi-static problem of a bar under simple traction and constructing solutions with localization of damage, it turns out that in general a cohesive crack appears at the center of the damage zone before the rupture. The associated cohesive law is obtained in a closed form in terms of the parameters of the model.     

Estimate of strength of anisotropic bars of arbitrary cross-section in the general case of their combined stress

We consider bars of arbitrary shape made of a homogeneous anisotropic material. In the general case, all six internal force factors (three forces and three moments) are simultaneously nonzero in the transverse cross-sections of the bar. We consider the case of small displacements and strains of the bar. Using the rigid-plastic model of a strained rigid body, the associated strain law, and the traditional hypotheses of static and kinematic character for the bars, we derive parametric equations for the limit surface (the strength surface) in the space of internal forces and moments acting in the the transverse cross-section. We present several versions of the obtained equations in specific cases (for orthotropy, transversal isotropy, and isotropy) and some numerical examples.     

On a damage law for creep rupture of clays with accumulated inelastic deviatoric strain as a damage measure

To avoid the dependency on origin of time, an improved damage law for creep rupture of clays is proposed considering the accumulated inelastic deviatoric strain as a measure of damage, instead of incorporating time directly. This law is incorporated into an existing anisotropic elastoplastic-viscoplastic bounding surface model for clays. The performance of the damage law was demonstrated via the simulations of creep rupture tests on undisturbed clays, and generally a good agreement between model simulations and test data was obtained. Discussions on the creep rupture parameters were followed and further improvement was suggested. At present when high quality test data for creep rupture is very limited, the proposed damage law could serve as a practical way to model creep rupture of clays.     

Stability of bars with variable rigidity compressed by a distributed force

A variable cross-section bar is considered. The bar is not uniform in length. The bar is compressed by a variable longitudinal force distributed along its axis. The stability loss in the straightline shape of the bar’s equilibrium is discussed when a curved shape is also possible. The critical combination between rigidity and the longitudinal force is a result of using an integral representation for the solution to the original stability equation with variable coefficients with the aid of the solution to a similar equation with constant coefficients. The integral representation contains the Green function of the original equation. This function is determined by the method of perturbations. The numerical results obtained by the derived formulas are compared with the known exact solutions to the stability equations for various particular cases.     

A three-dimensional explicit element-free galerkin method

The formulation and implementation of a three-dimensional meshless method, the element-free Galerkin (EFG) method, are described. The formulation is intended for dynamic problems with geometric and material non-linearities solved with explicit time integration, but some of the developments are applicable to other solution methods. The mechanical formulation is posed in the reference configuration so that the shape functions and their derivatives need to be computed only once. A method for speeding up the calculation of shape functions and their derivatives is presented. Results are presented for sloshing problems and Taylor bar impact problems, including an impact problem in which the bar impacts with an angle of obliquity. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

SIMULTANEOUS SHAPE AND TOPOLOGY OPTIMIZATION OF TRUSS UNDER LOCAL AND GLOBAL STABILITY CONSTRAINTS

A new approach for the solution of truss shape and topology optimization problem sunder local and global stability constraints is proposed. By employing the cross sectional areas of each bar and some shape parameters as topology design variables, the difficulty arising from the jumping of buckling length phenomenon can be easily overcome without the necessity of introducing the overlapping bars into the initial ground structure. Therefore computational efforts can be saved for the solution of this kind of problem. By modifying the elements of the stiffness matrix using Sigmoid function, the continuity of the objective and constraint functions with respect to shape design parameters can be restored to some extent. Some numerical examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

考虑微缺陷形状的细片层状珠光体钢的损伤本构模型

基于非经典塑性理论和连续介质损伤力学,利用在一个特殊坐标系下基于椭球形孔洞模型得到的可考虑孔洞形状变化混合强化材料的损伤演化率得到了铁素体相的损伤本构方程,通过混合物理论利用铁素体和渗碳体相各自本构关系并考虑其几何特征得到了珠光体团的损伤本构模型。进而采用Hill自洽方法,得到了珠光体材料的宏观损伤本构描述,发展了相应的数值方法与程序。讨论了孔洞形状对材料损伤的影响,并对典型珠光体双相材料BS11在非对称循环加载史下的弹塑性响应特性进行了分析,得到了与实验较为一致的结果。     

Critical Stresses in Spalling and Dynamic Rupture of Metals

Results of dynamic rupture tests of a series of metals obtained using a composite Hopkinson bar and shock-wave loading of plane specimens are described. It is shown that the actual rupture strength at a strain rate of 5 · 10³ sec⁻¹ is very close to the spall strength at higher strain rates. Results of testing the same metals using a composite Hopkinson bar within a temperature range of 20–350°C are given. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 46, No. 6, pp. 103–107, November–December, 2005.     

Assessment of creep crack growth due to stress relief

An analysis is conducted to predict stress relief cracking at 550 °C in notched compact tension specimens of Type 316H austenitic stainless steel. The specimens had been subjected to pre-compression to generate a tensile residual stress distribution at the notch tip. This stress distribution is represented by a uniform reference stress over the zone of tension ahead of the notch tip. Creep rupture and creep crack growth data alone are required and used to make the predictions. It is found that the shape of the crack growth curve is correctly predicted when mean data are employed. However, upper bound crack growth properties are required to accurately predict the actual extent of cracking. Sensitivity studies show that the amount of stress relief cracking predicted is relatively insensitive to the reference stress initially assumed to describe the residual stress distribution, since the reference stress relaxes to a magnitude that is almost independent of its initial value. Adoption of an initial reference stress equal to the ultimate tensile strength of the steel, when combined with mean creep rupture and upper bound crack growth properties, results in safe predictions that are not overly conservative. The analysis should only be regarded as reliable for small amounts of crack extension of less than the size of the tensile zone ahead of the crack tip.     

Nonlinear interface shear fracture of end notched flexure specimens

The nonlinear analytical solutions of an end notched flexure adhesive joint or fracture test specimen with identical or dissimilar adherends are investigated. In the current study, a cohesive zone model (with arbitrary nonlinear cohesive laws) based analytical solution is obtained for the interface shear fracture of an end notched flexure (ENF) specimen with sufficiently long bond length. It is found that the scatter and inconsistency in calculating Mode II toughness may be significantly reduced by this model. The present work indicates that the Mode II toughness G_IIc under pure shear cracking condition is indeed very weakly dependent on the initial crack length. And this conclusion is well supported by the experimental results found in the literature. The parametric studies show that the interface shear strength is the most dominant parameter on the critical load. It is also interesting to note that with very short initial crack length and identical interface shear strength, higher Mode II toughness indeed cannot increase the critical load. Unlike the high insensitivity of critical load to the detailed shape of the cohesive law for Mode I peel fracture, the shape of the cohesive law becomes relatively important for the critical load of joints under pure Mode II fracture conditions, especially for joints with short initial crack length. The current study may help researchers deepen the understanding of interface shear fracture and clarify some previous concepts on this fracture mode.     

“Barchan” dunes in the labDunes de type « Barchanes » au laboratoire

We demonstrate the feasibility of studying dunes in a laboratory experiment. It is shown that an initial sand pile, under a wind flow carrying sand, flattens and gets a shape recalling barchan dunes. An evolution law is proposed for the profile and the summit of the dune. The dune dynamics is shown to be shape invariant. The invariant shape, the “dune function” is isolated. To cite this article: O. Dauchot et al., C. R. Mecanique 330 (2002) 185–191.