Cyclic Homology of Hopf Comodule Algebras and Hopf Module Coalgebras

Abstract

In this paper we construct a cylindrical module A ? ? for an ?-comodule algebra A, where the antipode of the Hopf algebra ? is bijective. We show that the cyclic module associated to the diagonal of A ? ? is isomorphic with the cyclic module of the crossed product algebra A ? ?. This enables us to derive a spectral sequence for the cyclic homology of the crossed product algebra. We also construct a cocylindrical module for Hopf module coalgebras and establish a similar spectral sequence to compute the cyclic cohomology of crossed product coalgebras.     

A New Cyclic Module for Hopf Algebras

We define a new cyclic module, dual to the Connes–Moscovici cocyclic module, for Hopf algebras, and give a characteristic map for coactions of Hopf algebras. We also compute the resulting cyclic homology for cocommutative Hopf algebras, and some quantum groups.     

Cocyclic subshifts

Motivated by the computations in the theory of cohomological Conley index, cocyclic subshifts are the supports of locally constant matrix cocycles on the full shift over a finite alphabet. They properly generalize sofic systems and topological Markov chains; and, via the Wedderburn-Artin theory of finite-dimensional algebras, admit a similar structure theory with a spectral decomposition into mixing components. These components have specification, which implies intrinsic ergodicity and entropy generation by sequences of horseshoes. Also, a zeta-like generating function for cocyclic subshifts leads to simple criteria for existence of a factor map onto the full two-shift – which gives practical tools for detecting chaos in general discrete dynamical systems. Received June 30, 1997; in final form May 21, 1999     

Cofree Compositions of Coalgebras

We develop the notion of the composition of two coalgebras, which arises naturally in higher category theory and in the theory of species. We prove that the composition of two cofree coalgebras is again cofree, and we give sufficient conditions that ensure the composition is a one-sided Hopf algebra. We show that these conditions are satisfied when one coalgebra is a graded Hopf operad ${\mathcal{D}}$ and the other is a connected graded coalgebra with coalgebra map to ${\mathcal{D}}$ . We conclude by computing the primitive elements for compositions of coalgebras built on the vertices of multiplihedra, composihedra, and hypercubes.     

The cocyclic Hadamard matrices of order less than 40

In this paper all cocyclic Hadamard matrices of order less than 40 are classified. That is, all such Hadamard matrices are explicitly constructed, up to Hadamard equivalence. This represents a significant extension and completion of work by de Launey and Ito. The theory of cocyclic development is discussed, and an algorithm for determining whether a given Hadamard matrix is cocyclic is described. Since all Hadamard matrices of order at most 28 have been classified, this algorithm suffices to classify cocyclic Hadamard matrices of order at most 28. Not even the total numbers of Hadamard matrices of orders 32 and 36 are known. Thus we use a different method to construct all cocyclic Hadamard matrices at these orders. A result of de Launey, Flannery and Horadam on the relationship between cocyclic Hadamard matrices and relative difference sets is used in the classification of cocyclic Hadamard matrices of orders 32 and 36. This is achieved through a complete enumeration and construction of (4t, 2, 4t, 2t)-relative difference sets in the groups of orders 64 and 72.     

Flat Comodules and Perfect Coalgebras

Stenström introduced the notion of flat object in a locally finitely presented Grothendieck category 𝒜. In this article we investigate this notion in the particular case of the category 𝒜 = C-Comod of left C-comodules, where C is a coalgebra over a field K. Several characterizations of flat left C-comodules are given and coalgebras having enough flat left C-comodules are studied. It is shown how far these coalgebras are from being left semiperfect. As a consequence, we give new characterizations of a left semiperfect coalgebra in terms of flat comodules. Left perfect coalgebras are introduced and characterized in analogy with Bass's Theorem P. Coalgebras whose injective left C-comodules are flat are discussed and related to quasi-coFrobenius coalgebras.     

Cocyclic Development of Designs

We present the basic theory of cocyclic development of designs, in which group development over a finite group G is modified by the action of a cocycle defined on G × G. Negacyclic and -cyclic development are both special cases of cocyclic development.Techniques of design construction using the group ring, arising from difference set methods, also apply to cocyclic designs. Important classes of Hadamard matrices and generalized weighing matrices are cocyclic.We derive a characterization of cocyclic development which allows us to generate all matrices which are cocyclic over G. Any cocyclic matrix is equivalent to one obtained by entrywise action of an asymmetric matrix and a symmetric matrix on a G-developed matrix. The symmetric matrix is a Kronecker product of back -cyclic matrices, and the asymmetric matrix is determined by the second integral homology group of G. We believe this link between combinatorial design theory and low-dimensional group cohomology leads to (i) a new way to generate combinatorial designs; (ii) a better understanding of the structure of some known designs; and (iii) a better understanding of known construction techniques.     

Cocyclic <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-groups

We describe all cocyclic n-groups and the structure of (n, 2)-rings of endomorphisms of cocyclic n-groups. We prove that a cocyclic n-group is defined uniquely by its (n, 2)-ring of endomorphisms.     

On Minimal Coalgebras

We define an out-degree for F-coalgebras and show that the coalgebras of outdegree at most κ form a covariety. As a subcategory of all F-coalgebras, this class has a terminal object, which for many problems can stand in for the terminal F-coalgebra, which need not exist in general. As examples, we derive structure theoretic results about minimal coalgebras, showing that, for instance minimization of coalgebras is functorial, that products of finitely many minimal coalgebras exist and are given by their largest common subcoalgebra, that minimal subcoalgebras have no inner endomorphisms and show how minimal subcoalgebras can be constructed from Moore-automata. Since the elements of minimal subcoalgebras must correspond uniquely to the formulae of any logic characterizing observational equivalence, we give in the last section a straightforward and self-contained account of the coalgebraic logic of D. Pattinson and L. Schröder, which we believe is simpler and more direct than the original exposition.     

广义路余代数和广义对偶Gabriel定理

通过将箭图的每个顶点放置一个k-余代数,首先引进了广义路余代数的概念,其次给出了广义路余代数的一些基本性质,还讨论了同构问题.证明了两个正规广义路余代数是同构的当且仅当他们的箭图及对应顶点上的单余代数是同构的.对于满足Codim C_0■1余代数C,证明了对偶Wedderburn-Malcev定理成立.作为广义路余代数的一个应用,推广了点余代数的对偶Gabriel定理.     

Homomorphisms of homotopy coalgebras

In this paper we consider the theory of higher order homotopy coalgebras as a collection of spaces between co-H-spaces and suspensions, which dualizes Stasheff's theory of Ak-spaces when these are defined through Ak-structures. Moreover we extend two Berstein-Hilton theorems which deal with the primitive homotopy type of a suspension and the class of a suspension map, respectively.     

Cocyclic Codes of Length 40

There are 5 groups of order 20. This paper reports on the search for binary self-dual codes of length 40, cocyclic over any one of the first four groups, using cocyclic Hadamard matrices and the [I, A] construction. The fifth group is not investigated here. A total of 28 classes of extremal cocyclic self-dual codes were found—27 of these are doubly-even and one singly-even. The majority of these classes arise from the dihedral-cocyclic Hadamard matrices. There is also a class of dihedral-cocyclic Hadamard matrices which gives a large collection of [40, 20] codes with only one codeword of length 4.     

Maps into homotopy coalgebras

Let X be a k-fold homotopy coalgebra of order j with respect to the pair of adjoint functors Σk and Ωk. We show that, under some connectivity conditions on the map , Y inherits a k-fold homotopy coalgebra structure of the same order for which f is a morphism of homotopy coalgebras. In particular, this holds for skeleta of homotopy coalgebras under some mild assumptions. As a consequence, we complete results on [M. Arkowitz, M. Golasiński, Homotopy coalgebras and k-fold suspensions, Hiroshima Math. J. 27 (1997) 209-220] and [T. Ganea, Cogroups and suspensions, Invent. Math. 9 (1970) 185-197] by detecting k-fold suspensions among skeleta of k-fold homotopy coalgebras.     

Vertex coalgebras, comodules, cocommutativity and coassociativity

We introduce the notion of vertex coalgebra, a generalization of vertex operator coalgebras. Next we investigate forms of cocommutativity, coassociativity, skew-symmetry, and an endomorphism, D^∗, which hold on vertex coalgebras. The former two properties require grading. We then discuss comodule structure. We conclude by discussing instances where graded vertex coalgebras appear, particularly as related to Primc’s vertex Lie algebra and (universal) enveloping vertex algebras.     

A Mixed Heuristic for Generating Cocyclic Hadamard Matrices

A way of generating cocyclic Hadamard matrices is described, which combines a new heuristic, coming from a novel notion of fitness, and a peculiar local search, defined as a constraint satisfaction problem. Calculations support the idea that finding a cocyclic Hadamard matrix of order \(4 \cdot 47\) might be within reach, for the first time, progressing further upon the ideas explained in this work.     

Cancellation Problems and Dimension Theory

In this note, we study the global dimension of coalgebras and discuss the class of coalgebras of global dimension less or equal to 1. The coalgebras in this class, which contains all the cosemisimple coalgebras, are called hereditary coalgebras. If C is a finite dimensional coalgebra, then C is hereditary if and only if C (the convolution algebra of C) is a hereditary algebra. Any direct sum of hereditary coalgebras is hereditary too. This gives us many examples of infinite dimensional hereditary coalgebras. A coalgebra is left hereditary if and only if it is right hereditary. Moreover, there do not exist hereditary Hopf algebras of finite dimension which are not cosemisimple.     

Rota–Baxter coalgebras and Rota–Baxter bialgebras

We give a construction of Rota–Baxter coalgebras from Hopf module coalgebras and also derive the structures of the pre-Lie coalgebras via Rota–Baxter coalgebras of different weight. Finally, the notion of Rota–Baxter bialgebra is introduced and some examples are provided.     

(*)-Serial coalgebras

In this paper, we introduce the notion of (*)-serial coalgebras which is a generalization of serial coalgebras. We investigate the properties of (*)-serial coalgebras and their comodules, and obtain sufficient and necessary conditions for a basic coalgebra to be (*)-serial.     

Gorenstein Coalgebras

We study a class of semiperfect coalgebras which generalizes Quasi-co-Frobenius coalgebras (from the point of view of the projective dimension). This class of coalgebras allows us to study a relative concept of injective comodule in terms of the cotensor functor, generalizing a well-known result about coflat comodules.     

When Does the Rational Torsion Split Off for Finitely Generated Modules

It is well known that the torsion part of any finitely generated module over the formal power series ring K[[X]] is a direct summand. In fact, K[[X]] is an algebra dual to the divided power coalgebra over K and the torsion part of any K[[X]]-module actually identifies with the rational part of that module. More generally, for a certain general enough class of coalgebras—those having only finite dimensional subcomodules—we see that the above phenomenon is preserved: the set of torsion elements of any C ^*-module is exactly the rational submodule. With this starting point in mind, given a coalgebra C we investigate when the rational submodule of any finitely generated left C ^*-module is a direct summand. We prove various properties of coalgebras C having this splitting property. Just like in the K[[X]] case, we see that standard examples of coalgebras with this property are the chain coalgebras which are coalgebras whose lattice of left (or equivalently, right, two-sided) coideals form a chain. We give some representation theoretic characterizations of chain coalgebras, which turn out to make a left-right symmetric concept. In fact, in the main result of this paper we characterize the colocal coalgebras where this splitting property holds non-trivially (i.e. infinite dimensional coalgebras) as being exactly the chain coalgebras. This characterizes the cocommutative coalgebras of this kind. Furthermore, we give characterizations of chain coalgebras in particular cases and construct various and general classes of examples of coalgebras with this splitting property.