基于虚拟仪器的扁钢内部缺陷超声三维成像方法研究

超声三维成像技术因其能够提供人体结构的立体信息,而被广泛的应用于医学诊断领域。然而,由于计算量大、成本高、速度慢,工业构件的超声三维成像技术却鲜见报道。弹簧扁钢是国民经济建设的重要钢材品种之一,通过超声三维成像技术测量扁钢内部缺陷的三维分布对于提高扁钢质量控制能力具有重要作用。为提高三维成像效率及降低成像系统的研发周期,提出高效的数据采集及三维图像重构方法,并基于虚拟仪器技术开发了三维图像重构软件。研究结果显示,基于超声水浸聚焦分层C扫描的数据提取方法能够满足三维成像的要求,所提出的数据重构方法及基于虚拟仪器的三维成像软件能够准确重构扁钢内部层片状缺陷的三维分布,是弹簧扁钢内部缺陷评价的有效方法。     

基于高斯拟合的条纹管成像激光雷达目标重构

为得到更为精细的三维重构,提出一种基于信赖域法高斯拟合的峰值探测法,对每帧图像单时间通道的回波进行高斯建模,建模结果可有效减小噪声干扰,具有唯一峰值,该结果作为新的回波波形,再对其进行峰值探测,并基于空中目标实验数据对本文方法进行验证.实验结果表明,基于高斯拟合的峰值探测法可将特征数据的提取误差降至10%以内;利用该方法提取特征数据进行目标三维重构,可实现探测深度方向上最小30cm的空间分辨力,提高了条纹管激光雷达的三维成像精度.     

基于光场成像的表面三维重构

传统的成像方式单次曝光只能获取物空间二维横向分辨率信息,无法获取纵向深度信息,导致单次拍摄过程中物空间的深度信息丢失, 无法对物空间的目标物进行三维重构。光场相机内部采用光场传感器,不同于传统成像系统单次采集只能获取二维信息而造成的信息缺失,光场传感器可获取物空间的多维光场信息,同时其还具有便携等优点。采用光场相机进行拍摄,利用数字重聚焦以及散焦测距和相关计算的方法,实现密集深度图像的获取,基于matlab软件平台,对所获取的图像深度数据矩阵进行处理,最终实现物空间的三维重构。得到物空间的相对深度的归一化结果。本实验中,在深度范围为100 mm~1 500 mm范围内,实现平均误差为5.47%深度信息的表面三维重构,最大重构误差为8.30%。     

基于机器视觉的三维灰度重构技术

基于双目立体视觉三维重构原理，采用主动扫描实现特征匹配的三维灰度重构技术，通过特征结构光扫描物体表面，由经过预标定的两套成像传感器拍摄其图像，经过图像处理程序提取出特征点，完成特征匹配，再计算出物体表面三维轮廓，同时将成像传感器中的灰度信息映射到相应的特征点，从而实现特征点的三维信息和颜色信息的重构和匹配。该技术为三维彩色逼真场景的重构奠定了基础。     

一种基于压缩传感的超分辨光学三维成像技术

为了改善光学成像中的成像质量和效率,提出一种基于压缩传感的超分辨光学三维成像技术.通过物镜、编码板、色散元件、准直镜、聚焦镜、探测器等组成前端成像系统,然后,利用稀疏重构算法在后端处理器上重构光谱数据,从而将成像运算量从前端转移到后端.同时,引入块重构、错位预处理、多帧重构技术,提高重构的准确度,减小后端处理内存,降低计算复杂度.通过仿真实验对原始数据和重构数据的光谱曲线、信噪比、光谱误差、分类识别效果等指标进行对比分析,结果表明,利用本文压缩传感技术可以实现超分辨光学三维成像,且成像质量较高,数据应用效果较好,可用于大幅宽、高分辨率、低功耗、动态目标的成像观测.     

计算流体成像技术重构方法及其应用

建立系统的计算流体成像(CFI)技术,并论证其为流动数值模拟与风洞实验相互佐证的重要手段。采用纯数值模拟技术重构得到流场计算阴影、纹影以及干涉图,主要技术包括复杂湍流模拟技术、三线性插值技术和流动图像重构技术等。同时将CFI技术应用于激波管内绕障碍物三维复杂流动计算图像重构,并与双向全息实验结果进行了比较分析。研究证明该CFI技术可以用于复杂几何边界、分区域、非定常流动图像重构,不仅能够为流场结构特征分析提供重要参考依据,而且能够用于数值模拟与风洞实验结果的比较印证。     

压缩感知在条纹相机成像中的应用

条纹空间分辨率从中心到边缘逐渐降低,为了改善条纹管像面的边缘空间分辨率,构造了一个基于压缩感知的条纹相机成像重构模型.压缩感知目标函数采用正交匹配法实现,并对重构参数进行了优化.原成像结果与重构结果对比表明:压缩感知重构图的对比度比原图提高了5%,极限分辨率比原图提高了2lp/mm,并且离轴远区的改善效果好于中心区的改善效果.压缩感知重构方法可以改善像面边缘的成像对比度从而提高条纹相机成像的静态空间分辨率.     

碎片超高速撞击防护结构粒子场三维重构

为模拟空间碎片超高速撞击航天器防护结构表面材料喷射/溅射粒子场演化过程,并获取粒子场相关物理信息,基于粒子场同轴激光全息图像开展了碎片撞击过程的三维重构技术研究.首先对全息图像进行边缘剪切和缩放,将其划分为分辨率300×300左右的子图像以便于进行网格剖分;对于粒子堆叠区域子图像,采用基于三角化的网格剖分算法;剖分后形成的单一粒子采用Sobel算子提取其二维轮廓,然后将其投影到特定的三维空间形成三维形体;基于MAXScript语言实现了粒子场演化过程模拟.重构结果表明,无论是粒子场静态三维重构结果还是其演化过程均与撞击试验全息图像吻合较好,从而验证了该重构技术的有效性,为研究空间碎片对航天器防护结构的损伤效应提供了一种新的思路.     

碎片超高速撞击防护结构粒子场三维重构

为模拟空间碎片超高速撞击航天器防护结构表面材料喷射/溅射粒子场演化过程,并获取粒子场相关物理信息,基于粒子场同轴激光全息图像开展了碎片撞击过程的三维重构技术研究.首先对全息图像进行边缘剪切和缩放,将其划分为分辨率300×300左右的子图像以便于进行网格剖分;对于粒子堆叠区域子图像,采用基于三角化的网格剖分算法;剖分后形成的单一粒子采用Sobel算子提取其二维轮廓,然后将其投影到特定的三维空间形成三维形体;基于MAXScript语言实现了粒子场演化过程模拟.重构结果表明,无论是粒子场静态三维重构结果还是其演化过程均与撞击试验全息图像吻合较好,从而验证了该重构技术的有效性,为研究空间碎片对航天器防护结构的损伤效应提供了一种新的思路.     

基于改进光线投影算法的混凝土CT三维重建研究

混凝土计算机断层成像试验图像细观研究多集中在二维横切面上,而混凝土计算机断层成像三维重建研究非常少,使混凝土计算机断层成像试验图像细观研究受到了局限,不利于全面分析在各个应力情况下混凝土的受力情况.本文提出一种可视化平台下基于改进光线投射法的混凝土计算机断层成像图像三维重构新技术,并进行可视化系统的实现.结果表明：本文提出的混凝土计算机断层成像图像三维重构方法快速、真实,为建立准确的混凝土材料数值细观模型提供了一种有效辅助方法,具有重要的应用意义.     

Multi-Symplectic Wavelet Collocation Method for Maxwell's Equations

In this paper, we develop a multi-symplectic wavelet collocation method for three-dimensional (3-D) Maxwell's equations. For the multi-symplectic formulation of the equations, wavelet collocation method based on autocorrelation functions is applied for spatial discretization and appropriate symplectic scheme is employed for time integration. Theoretical analysis shows that the proposed method is multi-symplectic, unconditionally stable and energy-preserving under periodic boundary conditions. The numerical dispersion relation is investigated. Combined with splitting scheme, an explicit splitting symplectic wavelet collocation method is also constructed. Numerical experiments illustrate that the proposed methods are efficient, have high spatial accuracy and can preserve energy conservation laws exactly.     

三维荧光光谱结合Tchebichef矩快速鉴别掺伪芝麻油

应用FS920荧光光谱仪测定样品的三维荧光光谱数据,直接利用Tchebichef矩提取三维光谱灰度图的特征信息,然后对其进行聚类分析,最后通过逐步回归建立样本中各成分的线性模型。聚类分析能够准确识别掺伪芝麻油,并正确解析其组成成分,得到的线性模型相关系数R>0.99。研究表明,Tchebichef矩能够有效提取光谱的特征信息,应用于掺伪芝麻油鉴别可获得良好的定性和定量分析结果。     

Stochastic analysis of a chemical reaction with spatial and temporal structures

A stochastic analysis of the spatial and temporal structures in the Prigogine-Lefever-Nicolis model (the Brusselator) is presented. The analysis is carried out through a Langevin equation derived from a multivariate master equation using the Poisson representation method, which is used to calculate the spatial correlation functions and the fluctuation spectra in the Gaussian approximation. The case of an infinite three-dimensional system is considered in detail. The calculations for the spatial correlation functions and the fluctuation spectra for a finite system subject to different kinds of boundary conditions are also given.     

边界层流动中湍斑的直接数值模拟

用Navier-Stokes方程直接数值模拟平板边界层流动中湍斑的形成和演化过程.发展了模拟湍斑的高精度、高分辨率的高效计算方法,包括推出四阶时间分裂法以提高精度;提出三维耦合差分方法,用于关于压力的泊松方程和关于速度的亥姆霍兹方程的空间离散,建立其四阶三维耦合中心差分格式;并采用四阶紧致迎风差分格式,避免了一般四阶中心差分格式不适用于边界邻域的困难和提高了分辨率;精心地处理各种边界条件,以保持精度和稳定.该方法适用于包含边界邻域的整个区域内的湍斑模拟.通过模拟平板边界层流动中湍斑的复杂演化过程,显示了湍斑的基本特征.     

Automatic statistical shape analysis of cerebral asymmetry in 3D T1-weighted magnetic resonance images at vertex-level: Application to neuroleptic-naïve schizophrenia

The study of the structural asymmetries in the human brain can assist the early diagnosis and progression of various neuropsychiatric disorders, and give insights into the biological bases of several cognitive deficits. The high inter-subject variability in cortical morphology complicates the detection of abnormal asymmetries especially if only small samples are available. This work introduces a novel automatic method for the local (vertex-level) statistical shape analysis of gross cerebral hemispheric surface asymmetries which is robust to the individual cortical variations. After segmentation of the cerebral hemispheric volumes from three-dimensional (3D) T1-weighted magnetic resonance images (MRI) and their spatial normalization to a common space, the right hemispheric masks were reflected to match with the left ones. Cerebral hemispheric surfaces were extracted using a deformable model-based algorithm which extracted the salient morphological features while establishing the point correspondence between the surfaces. The interhemispheric asymmetry, quantified by customized measures of asymmetry, was evaluated in a few thousands of corresponding surface vertices and tested for statistical significance.     

Multilayer thin-film inspection through measurements of reflection coefficients

A vibration-insensitive interferometer is described to measure the thickness, refraction index and surface profile of thin-film stack at normal incidence. By satisfying the continuous boundary conditions of electric and magnetic fields at interfaces in a multilayer film stack, the reflection coefficient phase of the thin-film stack can be distinguished from the phase of spatial path difference, thus thickness and refraction index can be extracted. The experiment results showed that the measurement precision is significantly increased after the phase analysis was added into the reflectance analysis.     

前缘曲率对三维边界层内被激发出非定常横流模态的影响研究

三维边界层感受性问题是三维边界层层流向湍流转捩的初始阶段,是实现三维边界层转捩预测与控制的关键环节.在高湍流度的环境下,非定常横流模态的失稳是导致三维边界层流动转捩的主要原因;但是,前缘曲率对三维边界层感受性机制作用的研究也是十分重要的课题之一.因此,本文采用直接数值模拟方法研究在自由来流湍流作用下具有不同椭圆形前缘三维（后掠翼平板）边界层内被激发出非定常横流模态的感受性机制;揭示不同椭圆形前缘曲率对三维边界层内被激发出非定常横流模态的扰动波波包传播速度、传播方向、分布规律、感受性系数以及分别提取获得一组扰动波的幅值、色散关系和增长率等关键因素的影响;建立在不同椭圆形前缘曲率情况下,三维边界层内被激发出非定常横流模态的感受性问题与自由来流湍流的强度和运动方向变化之间的内在联系;详细分析了不同强度各向异性的自由来流湍流在激发三维边界层感受性机制的物理过程中起着何种作用等.通过上述研究将有益于拓展和完善流动稳定性理论,为三维边界层内层流向湍流转捩的预测与控制提供依据.     

The extended Fourier pseudospectral time-domain method for atmospheric sound propagation

An extended Fourier pseudospectral time-domain (PSTD) method is presented to model atmospheric sound propagation by solving the linearized Euler equations. In this method, evaluation of spatial derivatives is based on an eigenfunction expansion. Evaluation on a spatial grid requires only two spatial points per wavelength. Time iteration is done using a low-storage optimized six-stage Runge-Kutta method. This method is applied to two-dimensional non-moving media models, one with screens and one for an urban canyon, with generally high accuracy in both amplitude and phase. For a moving atmosphere, accurate results have been obtained in models with both a uniform and a logarithmic wind velocity profile over a rigid ground surface and in the presence of a screen. The method has also been validated for three-dimensional sound propagation over a screen. For that application, the developed method is in the order of 100 times faster than the second-order-accurate FDTD solution to the linearized Euler equations. The method is found to be well suited for atmospheric sound propagation simulations where effects of complex meteorology and straight rigid boundary surfaces are to be investigated.