Cyclotron superradiance of a high-current electron bunch under group synchronism conditions

We have theoretically and experimentally investigated the process of induced coherent emission (superradiance) in an electron bunch rotating in a homogeneous magnetic field. We have shown that this process makes it possible to generate ultrashort microwave pulses. In this case, the optimum conditions are found under group synchronism conditions, when the translational velocity of the bunch matches the group velocity of the radiation propagating in the waveguide circuit. For experimental investigation of the superradiance, we used a RADAN accelerator with subnanosecond electron pulse sharpener. In the 35 GHz range, we obtained microwave pulses with record short duration, down to 0.4 nsec for a peak power level up to 200 kW. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 12, pp. 89–97, December, 1996.     

Self-induced transparency,compression, and stopping of electromagnetic pulses interacting with beams of unexcited classical oscillators

The self-induced transparency effects that emerge when short (on the relaxation time scale) light pulses propagate in a two-level noninverted medium are well known in optics. The interaction of microwave pulses with an initially rectilinear electron beam under cyclotron resonance conditions can serve as a classical analog of the described effects. In this case, at a certain intensity of the input signal, the cyclotron absorption is replaced by self-induced transparency when the input pulse propagates almost without any change of its profile, forming a soliton whose amplitude and duration are rigidly related to its velocity. In a certain domain of parameters, this process is accompanied by significant two- or threefold compression of the initial pulse, which is of practical interest for the generation of multigigawatt picosecond microwave pulses. Since the soliton velocity lies between the unperturbed group velocity of the radiation and the translational velocity of the particles, another nontrivial effect in the case of interaction with a counterpropagating electron beam is the possibility of a significant deceleration or full stopping of the electromagnetic pulse.     

Generation of ultrashort microwave pulses based on cyclotronsuperradiance

We have theoretically and experimentally investigated the superradiance from a bunch of electrons rotating in a homogeneous magnetic field. A RADAN-303B modulator equipped with a subnanosecond pulse slicer has been used to generate high current subnanosecond electron bunches (250 kV, 0.1-1 kA, 0.3-0.5 ns). Transverse momentum was imparted to the electrons by a kicker. It is shown that for the experimental observation of cyclotron superradiance from high current electron bunches the optimum conditions are the conditions of group synchronism, when the translational velocity of the bunch coincides with the group velocity of the radiation propagating in the waveguide. In the 35 GHz range microwave pulses with record short duration, down to 0.4 ns, with a peak power level up to 200 kW, have been obtained     

Theory of group synchronism in free-electron waveguide lasers fed a sequence of short electron pulses

A theory of free-electron lasers fed a sequence of short electron pulses is developed. It is assumed that the group velocity of the electromagnetic pulse that develops in the cavity is the same as the translational velocity of the particles, and the repetition period of the electron pulses equals the transit time of the electromagnetic radiation in the cavity. Under these conditions of group synchronism, the principal factors governing the feasibility of establishing a stationary pulsed lasing regime are found to be the dispersive spread of the electromagnetic pulse and the channeling properties of an electron bunch. The conditions for self-excitation are found, and the characteristics of the stationary lasing regimes are determined assuming that the cavity has a high Q and using a parabolic equation for the evolution of the electromagnetic pulse shape. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 69, 78–83 (February 1999)     

Generation of giant pulses of scattered radiation on the moving front of a pump wave

To generate high-power short-wavelength pulses during the process of the stimulated scattering of a high-power pump wave on a relativistic electron beam, the use of the displacement of a pump spot along the electron flow with the group velocity of the scattered beam has been proposed. Under such conditions, the scattered radiation will be a monopulse with the amplitude increasing proportionally to the displacement of the pump spot due to the energy transfer from unmodulated electron fractions. In the case of an optical laser pump, depending on the direction of the wave vector of the pump field relative to the translational motion of electrons, the new mechanism can be used to generate high-power pulses in terahertz (Doppler down conversion) or ultraviolet (up conversion) bands.     

Theory of wiggler superradiance from an extended electron bunch under the group synchronism condition

Superradiance (SR) from an electron bunch moving in a waveguide and oscillating in the field of helical wiggler is analysed for the specific group synchronism regime which occurs when the electron translational velocity coincides with the wave group velocity. In the comoving reference frame such a regime corresponds to emission at a quasi cutoff frequency. Both linear and nonlinear analysis demonstrate the advantages of the group synchronism regime for wiggler SR. Detuning from this regime leads to a fast drop in both the gain of the instability and peak power of the SR pulse.     

飞秒光参量放大中三波群速失配的补偿

为了消除群速失配对参量放大的不利影响，描述了利用脉冲波面倾斜与非共线相位匹配相结 合，完全补偿飞秒光参量放大（OPA）中三波群速失配的新方法.计算了在BBOⅠ类、Ⅱ类相 位匹配条件下， 三波实现群速匹配时，相位匹配角、脉冲波面倾斜角以及非共线角随信号 光波长的变化.并分析了三波群速匹配对空间走离长度、参量增益和参量带宽的影响.结果表 明，在BBOⅠ类、Ⅱ类相位匹配条件下，利用该方法均能实现飞秒OPA连续调谐时三波的群速 匹配，从而大大增加了三波的有效互作用长度，为能够获得高增益，窄脉宽的参量光脉冲提 供了理论依据和指导. 关键词： 群速匹配 脉冲波面倾斜 非共线相位匹配 飞秒光参量放大     

On possibility of effect similar to superluminality upon two-frequency interaction in medium with combined nonlinearity

A computer simulation was implemented to study a phenomenon similar to the effect of superluminality appearing upon interaction of two femtosecond pulses in a medium with combined nonlinearity under the conditions of a nonzero group velocity mismatch. The possibility of the formation of sub-pulses at the fundamental and second-harmonic frequencies, which demonstrate soliton-like propagation with a velocity higher or lower than that of linear pulse propagation in presence of group velocity dispersion, is revealed. It is shown that acceleration of the sub-pulse is due to the induced periodic grating facilitating energy transfer from one wave to the other. An important property of the formed structures is the sensitivity of each of the anomalously propagating sub-pulses to perturbation imposed on the other sub-pulse at a given cross section.     

Stimulated Raman X waves in ultrashort optical pulse filamentation

We demonstrate that ultrashort pulse filamentation in liquids with strong Raman gain leads to the spontaneous formation of nonlinear X waves at a Raman-shifted wavelength. We measured as much as 75% energy conversion efficiency into a Raman X wave in ethanol starting from 1 ps pulses due to the group velocity matching between the pump and Raman X pulses. Large Raman gain of a weak seed signal was observed in water, associated with a strong spatiotemporal transformation of the seed into an X wave.     

Modeling of Laser Generation and Propagation of Electron Bunch Along Thin Irradiated Wire

Three-dimensional numerical PIC simulation allowed the detection and study of the formation of an electron bunch moving with relativistic velocity along a thin metal wire during its irradiation with a short laser pulse of relativistic intensity. The bunch motion is accompanied by electromagnetic surface-type pulses.     

周期量级超短激光脉冲在近临界密度等离子体中形成的光孤子

利用一维粒子模拟程序，观测到周期量级的超短激光脉冲在等离子体中可以以孤子形式传播.它在一定密度等离子体中以较高的群速度向前传播，并在到达等离子体与真空界面时发生反射和透射.当入射激光脉冲强度增大时，非线性调制效应使它产生较大的频率下移，致使光孤子传播速度变小.另外，对于同样光强下的几十个周期以上的光脉冲，它在等离子体中传播时形成的则是一连串低频的被捕获在等离子体中的光孤子. 关键词： 光孤子 超短激光脉冲 等离子体 粒子模拟     

Direct observation of domain-wall configurations transformed by spin currents

Direct observations of current-induced domain-wall propagation by spin-polarized scanning electron microscopy are reported. Current pulses move head-to-head as well as tail-to-tail walls in submicrometer Fe20Ni80 wires in the direction of the electron flow, and a decay of the wall velocity with the number of injected current pulses is observed. High-resolution images of the domain walls reveal that the wall spin structure is transformed from a vortex to a transverse configuration with subsequent pulse injections. The change in spin structure is directly correlated with the decay of the velocity.     

Stable laser-pulse propagation in plasma channels for GeV electron acceleration

To achieve multi-GeV electron energies in the laser wakefield accelerator (LWFA) it is necessary to propagate an intense laser pulse long distances in plasma without disruption. A 3D envelope equation for a laser pulse in a tapered plasma channel is derived, which includes wakefields and relativistic and nonparaxial effects, such as finite pulse length and group velocity dispersion. It is shown that electron energies of approximately GeV in a plasma-channel LWFA can be achieved by using short pulses where the forward Raman and modulation nonlinearities tend to cancel. Further energy gain can be achieved by tapering the plasma density to reduce electron dephasing.     

Quasi-solitonic propagation modes of two-component acoustic video pulses in a paramagnetic crystal

Nonlinear propagation of longitudinal-transverse acoustic pulses down to a length of one cycle (video pulses) in a low-temperature paramagnetic crystal in the direction parallel to an external magnetic field is investigated theoretically. The case of a crystal with paramagnetic impurity ions with effective S=1/2 spin is considered. It is shown that, due to spin-phonon interaction, two-component acoustic pulses can propagate in the form of high-power quasi-solitons. Conditions are determined for the formation of exponentially localized subsonic rational solitons which propagate with a velocity higher than the velocity of transverse sound and which have a transverse component with a rotating plane of polarization.     

X-ray radiation due to nanosecond volume discharges in air under atmospheric pressure

The formation of nanosecond discharges in atmospheric-pressure air versus the applied pulse polarity and discharge gap geometry is studied. It is shown that the polarity of high-voltage nanosecond pulses and the electrode configuration have a minor effect on the volume discharges under a variety of experimental conditions. When the spacing between needle-like electrodes is large, the discharge is asymmetric and its glow is weakly dependent on the sign of the potential applied to the electrode. Negative voltage pulses applied to the potential electrode generate X-ray radiation from both the surface and volume. For a subnanosecond rise time of the voltage pulse and diffusion character of the discharge, the X-ray radiation comes from the brightly glowing region of a corona discharge. The average values of the fast electron velocity and energy in nitrogen are calculated. At field strengths E/p < 170 kV/cm atm, the average velocity of a fast electron bunch is constant because of central collisions. At field strengths E/p > 170 kV/cm atm, fast electrons run away. Central collisions are the reason for X-ray radiation from the volume.     

Group velocity control of femtosecond pulse in folded dielectric axes structures by electro-optic effect

Theoretical investigation on the group velocity control of ultra-fast pulses by transverse electro-optic effect as well as its cascading and cubic nonlinearity is presented. Numerical simulation shows that the group velocity can be tuned via conveniently modulating the external electric field strength or the intensity of input pulse. The response of group velocity modulation is in proportion to these two factors, and the advancement or delay can reach the magnitude of 1–2 fractional pulses, which could be a potential scheme for controlling the velocity of pulse in future high speed and large-capacity communication networks.     

微波击穿大气电子温度与电子密度依存关系

给出了描述高功率微波脉冲大气非线性传输及微波大气等离子体特征演化的方程组,并在以微波群速度运动的局域坐标系下完成程序编制。据此模拟分析了高功率微波大气长程非线性传输及自产生大气等离子体的基本物理过程,给出了在击穿建立过程中,电子数密度增长与电子温度升高之间的关系。模拟结果表明:由于大气层中本底自由电子数密度较低,高功率微波脉冲到达时会迅速地将大气中现有的自由电子加热至平衡温度,与之相比导致电子数密度雪崩式增长的击穿过程要缓慢得多,而且随着击穿过程的开始电子温度会从平衡温度快速下降。     

线性啁啾光脉冲在具有纵向增益光纤中的自相似传播研究

非线性薛定谔方程是光脉冲在光纤中传播时所遵循的基本方程.本文利用分步傅里叶方法从数值结算的角度研究了具有线性啁啾的光脉冲在具有横向增益光纤中的自相似传播特性.研究表明:当群速度色散系数和光脉冲的啁啾系数符号相同时,由于在传播过程中自相位调制和群速度色散分别起主要作用,不论何种形式的光脉冲在传输过程中均会受到压缩,但随着传播距离的增加压缩的光脉冲会展宽;埃尔米特高斯输入和正弦输入在传播过程中的光强分布是对称的,拉盖尔高斯输入在传播过程中会发生能量交换而表现出明显的偏转;当群速度色散系数和光脉冲的啁啾系数符号不相同时,在传播过程中群速度色散始终起主要作用,脉冲一直展宽.这些研究结论可能为未来光纤压缩器、光纤放大器以及新型THz调制波源的制备提供新的理论基础和方法.