基于光栅式激光超声声谱的残余应变测量方法研究

提出了一种基于光栅激光超声进行残余应变测量的新型非接触超声检测方法。该方法利用光栅激光源激发具有特定波长的窄频带的相干表面波,通过测量表面波声谱的变化实现残余应变的测量。建立了考虑声弹效应的激光超声有限元模型,模拟了光栅激光超声在施加了预应变的介质中产生的相干表面波,研究了表面波中心频率与材料表面残余应变之间的变化关系,考察了该方法的检测能力。模拟结果表明,光栅激光超声产生的表面波(SW)波速与应变的大小呈线性关系;当应变场深度小于波长(0.05mm)时,表面波的中心频率有明显的下降,之后逐渐趋于平缓。最后,利用拉伸试验得到的具有不同残余塑性应变的试件进行实验测试,验证了基于光栅激光超声的残余应变测量方法的有效性。测量结果表明,相干表面波的波速与塑性应变呈线性关系。     

非均匀介质体中的缺陷响应研究

由于粗颗粒界面的散射作用,所以在考虑了超声波在非均匀介质体中传播时的衰减以及相速度的频散特性的基础上,用MGB模型表示了入射超声波波束,对非均匀介质固体中的缺陷响应进行了研究。分析了不同尺寸的方形孔缺陷由于压电超声传感器距离其位置的不同对接收到回波信号的影响,同时研究了由于粗颗粒平均尺寸的变化对接收回波信号的影响;并给出了不同颗粒直径尺寸的变化对回波信号影响的实验研究结果。研究结果表明:Born近似方法对弱散射体的散射作用下的预测效果较好,但在强散射体作用下不能使用这种方法预测;实验的结果和理论的预测结果基本一致。     

基于小波包能量特征的薄膜涂层材料界面缺陷检测法

目前国际上对薄膜涂层界面缺陷尚缺乏有效的探伤方法.本文基于薄膜涂层材料中波传播的模型,考察了在涂层表面施加冲击脉冲激发表面波,测取涂层表面各点的动态特性,结合波形分析技术进行界面缺陷检测的可行性.通过有限元模拟分析产生脉冲载荷并且激发表面波,对涂层表面接收的加速度波响应信号进行小波包数学变换,提取小波包相对能量谱变化率指标,发现加速度信号的小波包相对能量谱变化率指标在存在界面缺陷的区域有显著的变化,并且在缺陷中心区域效果最明显,而且该指标对不同薄膜厚度界面缺陷的具有敏感性,可以通过该指标较准确的判断裂纹的位置和尺寸.此项研究可以为开发薄膜涂层界面缺陷的无损检测方法提供一定的理论基础.     

缺陷岩体中弹性波传播的多次散射效应分析

弹性波在岩体中传播时与岩体缺陷相互作用形成复杂的传播图案。为研究缺陷对弹性波多次散射作用的影响,建立了双椭圆缺陷模型,基于Green函数基本解,采用边界积分的计算方法,得到了反映缺陷界面条件的刚度矩阵,分析了弹性波在双椭圆缺陷间的多次散射效应。结果表明：与单椭圆缺陷模型相比,双缺陷的相互作用使得弹性波频散和衰减效应增强,定量给出了缺陷的影响区域,从而明确了多次散射效应的尺度界限。进一步探讨了弹性波传播的多尺度效应,结果表明频散的Rayleigh峰、Mie峰和衰减的峰值频率同椭圆长轴和入射波波长两个尺度密切相关,存在明确的定量关系。相应的数值模拟结果表明,弹性波和缺陷相互作用在缺陷界面上诱发界面波,该界面波也存在频率相关性,影响了弹性波宏观传播的频散和衰减特征。     

数字相关法在超声应力信号处理中的应用

研究了数字相关法在超声应力检测中回波时间差的自动识别计算.采用数字模拟分析,对相关运算算法的可靠性进行了验证.分析了不同采样频率和相关窗口长度对相关计算的影响,并应用插值技术提高了时间差的计算精度.该方法对实验采集的超声纵波、横波及表面波的时间差分析均适用.通过对不同应力状态下采集的超声表面波信号的处理,得到了Q235钢中超声表面波传播时间差与应力的实验关系曲线,为超声应力检测奠定了基础.     

纳米狭缝孔道中毛细浸润现象的分子动力学模拟

纳米固体表面的润湿性对于控制和设计纳米流体器件十分关键．本文使用分子动力学模拟研究了不同固液界面相互作用强度、温度、矩形孔道深宽比（H/L）、梯形孔道上下底之比（U/D）以及表面粗糙度等参数对液体浸入纳米狭缝通道动态过程的影响．结果表明,液体浸入狭缝的完全润湿时间受固液相互作用强度和狭缝形状以及尺寸的影响;纳米狭缝孔道粗糙结构对液体的浸入有抑制作用,表面粗糙度越大,抑制作用越明显．本研究可为纳米流体器件的设计提供一定的模拟信息．     

表面微空洞长大和相互作用的晶体有限元分析

通过建立空洞长大和相互作用的3D模型,采用晶体塑性有限元模拟研究了FCC晶体表面空洞的长大和相互作用行为,分析了晶体取向和微空洞在表面的深度变化对表面空洞长大和相互作用的影响。模拟结果表明：晶体取向除了影响空洞形状和长大方向外,还会影响空洞长大速度;总体而言,在固定位移边界条件下硬取向晶粒表面的空洞长大和相互作用大于软取向。随着空洞在单晶体表面深度的增加,空洞周围的最大塑性变形增加,变形局部化更加严重,空洞长大速度增加。     

基于小波分析的超声导波管道裂纹检测方法研究

利用LS-DYNA970动态有限元分析软件对考虑横应变下的管道纵向超声导波损伤检测进行了数值模拟,分析了不同的激发频率对管道中导波频散现象的影响.选择适当的尺度和小波基函数,利用小波变换实现了对微弱且无法直接观测的缺陷检测信号的识别.同时通过时频分析研究了噪声信号在检测信号中的分布规律,并运用小波包分解和重构算法将信噪分离,实现高噪条件下管道微缺陷的损伤识别.     

液层厚度对浮力-热毛细对流面型的影响

将Michelson光学干涉测量系统与图像处理技术相结合，发展形成一种实时诊断热毛细对流和浮力对流流体表面形貌的实验测量系统. 采用光学干涉测量方法研究了两端带有温差的矩形池内薄层流体的对流、表面变形、以及表面波的基本问题. 应用Fourier变换方法对实验结果进行计算和分析，得到了流体表面变形和表面波的定量的实验结果. 实验结果表明了在浮力-热毛细对流的发展过程中，首先出现流体的表面变形，之后在该变形的基础上，叠加了一个表面波的信息，该表面变形和表面波与流体的温度梯度、表面张力、以及浮力有直接的关系；表面波隐藏在表面变形内.     

噪声对管道超声纵向导波损伤检测的影响

在管道超声导波检测技术的基础上,对不同程度纵向缺陷的损伤检测进行了数值模拟.利用缺陷反射信号对损伤的定位,通过改变管壁局部刚度,研究了缺陷反射信号强度变化的相关规律以及超声导波对缺陷的敏感度,分析了噪声信号对损伤识别的影响,并利用小波的分解和重构算法将信噪分离.结果表明不同程度的信噪比会对超声导波检测法造成一定的影响,通过低通滤噪的方法对信号进行信噪分离,可实现高噪条件下的损伤检测.     

Dynamic photoelasticity as an aid in developing new ultrasonic-test methods

A prerequisite for the development of quantitative ultrasonic-inspection techniques for surface flaws is a thorough understanding of the ways in which elastic waves interact with defects. Analytical and numerical approaches are presently inadequate. Experimental methods are needed for a better understanding of wave interactions with real geometries. This paper describes how dynamic photoelasticity was used to study the interaction between Rayleigh waves and slots. To fully interpret the interactions between an incident Rayleigh wave and a surface slot, the problem was subdivided as follows: first, the reflections and mode conversions of a Rayleigh wave at a corner were studied. This simulated the Rayleigh-wave interaction with a slot opening. Then, the interaction when a Rayleigh wave ran off the tip of a slot was observed, and, finally, the total interaction with slots perpendicular to the surface was studied. The results for these three cases are presented. It is suggested that the most important property of a Rayleigh wave that can be used to size surface and near-surface defects is the subsurface particle motions. These motions persist up to a depth of the order of a wavelength. The shape (that is, the frequency spectrum of the transmitted wave) should, therefore, be affected by the depth of the slot. Spectroscopic analysis is applied to the photoelastic data to develop a simple method for sizing slots. Results from ultrasonic tests on slots in steel confirm the validity of the suggested method. By applying contemporary concepts of signal processing to photoelastic data, a powerful new area of experimental investigation is introduced. It promises to overcome the current inability of scatter theories to predict the interactions between real-life defects and acoustic waves as used in ultrasonic testing. Applications of this approach will improve the quantitative ability of ultrasonic-inspection methods.     

Numerical simulation of laser ultrasonic detection of the surface microdefects on laser powder bed fusion additive manufactured 316L stainless steel

A numerical model is presented in this article to investigate the interactions between laser generated ultrasonic and the microdefects (0.01 to 0.1 mm), which are on the surface of the laser powder bed fusion additive manufactured 316L stainless steel. Firstly, the influence of the transient sound field and detection positions on Rayleigh wave signals are investigated. The interactions between the varied microdefects and the laser ultrasonic are studied. It is shown that arrival time of reflected Rayleigh (RR) waves wave is only related to the location of defects. The depth can be checked from the feature point Q, the displacement amplitude and time delay of converted transverse (RS) wave, while the width information can be evaluated from the RS wave time delay. With the aid of fitting curves, it is found to be linearly related. This simulation study provides a theoretical basis for quantitative detection of surface microdefects of additive manufactured 316L stainless steel components.     

An analytical approach to reconstruction of axisymmetric defects in pipelines using T(0, 1) guided waves

Torsional guided waves have been widely utilized to inspect the surface corrosion in pipelines due to their simple displacement behaviors and the ability of longrange transmission. Especially, the torsional mode T (0, 1), which is the first order of torsional guided waves, plays the irreplaceable position and role, mainly because of its non-dispersion characteristic property. However, one of the most pressing challenges faced in modern quality inspection is to detect the surface defects in pipelines with a high level of accuracy. Taking into account this situation, a quantitative reconstruction method using the torsional guided wave T (0, 1) is proposed in this paper. The methodology for defect reconstruction consists of three steps. First, the reflection coefficients of the guided wave T (0, 1) scattered by different sizes of axisymmetric defects are calculated using the developed hybrid finite element method (HFEM). Then, applying the boundary integral equation (BIE) and Born approximation, the Fourier transform of the surface defect profile can be analytically derived as the correlative product of reflection coefficients of the torsional guided wave T (0, 1) and the fundamental solution of the intact pipeline in the frequency domain. Finally, reconstruction of defects is precisely performed by the inverse Fourier transform of the product in the frequency domain. Numerical experiments show that the proposed approach is suitable for the detection of surface defects with arbitrary shapes. Meanwhile, the effects of the depth and width of surface defects on the accuracy of defect reconstruction are investigated. It is noted that the reconstructive error is less than 10%, providing that the defect depth is no more than one half of the pipe thickness.     

Noise processing of flaw reconstruction by wavelet transform in ultrasonic guided SH waves

The ultrasonic guided wave technique is a potential and useful tool for nondestructive testing. The scattered or reflected wave from a flaw can give its qualitative or even quantitative information such as location, size and severity. However, in experiments and in situ tests, the noises always exist together with signals. In this paper, we propose a wavelet-transform based noise processing approach for reflected wave signals to the quantitative reconstruction of surface flaws on a plate using guided SH waves. We suggest two different denoising methods based on wavelet transform (WT) in time and wavenumber domains respectively. Numerical results show that wavenumber-domain WT operation gives a better denoising effect than direct time-domain WT denoising. Using the former, one can successfully perform the inverse reconstruction of flaw by reflected signals with signal noise ratio as high as ?5 dB. This research can act as a theoretical reference for practical applications of ultrasonic guided SH waves in quantitative nondestructive evaluation.     

Wave-based defect detection and interwire friction modeling for overhead transmission lines

In this study, the feasibility of continuous, online monitoring of power lines using ultrasonic waves is considered. Local and global wave-based approaches for wire break detection in overhead transmission lines are presented. Both methods use a sending/receiving transducer to generate an ultrasonic, longitudinal, elastic wave in the cable. Defects in the cable cause a portion of the incident ultrasonic wave to be reflected back to the transducer, which when received, can be used to identify the presence of the defect. Although the transducers can only be attached to the surface of the cable, subsurface wires can also be interrogated since elastic energy spreads to these wires through friction contact. This study also explores how the elastic energy of a propagating wave becomes distributed among contacting rods via friction contact. This work focuses specifically on a two-rod system in which the wave energy from an excited “active” rod is transmitted to a neighboring “passive” rod through friction contact. An energy-based model is used to approximate the time average elastic wave power in the two rods as a function of propagation distance. Power predictions from the energy-based model compare well with experimental measurements and finite element simulations.     

The Effect of Surface Inhomogeneities on the Propagation of Elastic Waves

We investigate the effect of the surface inhomogeneities (defects) on the propagation of the elastic waves in a semi-infinite isotropic solid body (half-space). A perturbation-theoretical scheme is devised for small surface defects (in comparison with the relevant elastic disturbances propagating in the body), and the elastic waves equations are solved in the first-order approximation. It is shown that surface defects generate both scattered waves localized (and propagating only) on the surface (two-dimensional waves) and scattered waves reflected back in the body. Directional effects, wave slowness and attenuation by diffusive scattering, or possible resonance effects are discussed.     

An Analytical Model for Defect Depth Estimation Using Pulsed Thermography

The use of pulsed thermography as a non-destructive evaluation tool for damage monitoring of composite materials has dramatically increased in the past decade. Typically, optical flashes are used as external heating sources, which may cause poor defect definition especially for thicker materials or multiple delaminations. SMArt thermography is a new alternative to standard pulsed thermography as it overcomes the limitations on the use of external thermal sources. Such a novel technology enables a built-in, fast and in-depth assessment of both surface and internal material defects by embedding shape memory alloy wires in traditional carbon fibre reinforced composite laminates. However, a theoretical model of thermal wave propagation for SMArt thermography, especially in the presence of internal structural defects, is needed to better interpret the observations/data measured during the experiments. The objective of this paper was to develop an analytical model for SMArt thermography to predict the depth of flaws/damage within composite materials based on experimental data. This model can also be used to predict the temperature contrast on the surface of the laminate, accounting for defect depth, size and opening, thermal properties of material and defect filler, thickness of the component, and intensity of the excitation energy. The results showed that the analytical model gives good predictions compared to experimental data. This paper is one of the first pioneering work showing the use thermography as a quantitative non-destructive tool where defect size and depth could be assessed with good accuracy.     

Determination of Defect Depth and Size Using Virtual Heat Sources in Pulsed Infrared Thermography

The determination of defect depth and size using Pulsed Infrared Thermography is a critical problem. The problem of defect depth estimation has been previously studied using 1D heat conduction models. Unfortunately, 1D heat conduction based models are generally inadequate in predicting heat flow around defects. In this study, a novel approach based on virtual heat sources is proposed to model heat flow around defects accounting for 2D axisymmetric heat conduction. The proposed approach is used to quantitatively determine the defect depth and size. The validity of the model is established using experiments performed on a stainless steel plate specimen with flat bottom holes at different depths.     

Scattering of elastic waves by an arbitrary small imperfection in the surface of a half-space

T , the first of two articles, is concerned with the scattering of elastic waves by arbitrary surface-breaking or near surface defects in an isotropic half-plane. We present an analytical solution, by the method of matched asymptotic expansions, when the parameter , which is the ratio of a typical length scale of the imperfection to the incident radiation's wavelength, is small. The problem is formulated for a general class of small defects, including cracks, surface bumps and inclusions, and for arbitrary incident waves. As a straightforward example of the asymptotic scheme we specialize the defect to a two-dimensional circular void or protrusion, which breaks the free surface, and assume Rayleigh wave excitation ; this inner problem is exactly solvable by conformal mapping methods. The displacement field is found uniformly to leading order in , and the Rayleigh waves which are scattered by the crack are explicitly determined. In the second article we use the method given here to tackle the important problem of an inclined edge-crack. In that work we show that the scattered field can be found to any asymptotic order in a straightforward manner, and in particular the Rayleigh wave coefficients are given to O(²).     

Vortex shedding induced by a solitary wave propagating over a submerged vertical plate

Experimental study was conducted on the vortex shedding process induced by the interaction between a solitary wave and a submerged vertical plate. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used for quantitative velocity measurement while a particle tracing technique was used for qualitative flow visualization. Vortices are generated at the tip of each side of the plate. The largest vortices at each side of the plate eventually grow to the size of the water depth. Although the fluid motion under the solitary wave is only translatory, vortices are shed in both the upstream and downstream directions due to the interaction of the generated vortices as well as the vortices with the plate and the bottom. The process can be divided into four phases: the formation of a separated shear layer, the generation and shedding of vortices, the formation of a vertical jet, and the impingement of the jet onto the free surface. Similarity velocity profiles were found both in the separated shear layer and in the vertical jet.