Ginsenoside-Rg6, a Novel Triterpenoid Saponin from the Stem-Leaves of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.

A novel dammarane-type triterpene oligoglycoside, named ginsenoside-Rg6 3, was isolated from the stem-leaves of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey., together with two known ones, 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg2 1 and 20(R)-ginsenoside-Rg2 2.On the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence , the structure of ginsenoside-Rg6 have been elucidated as 6-O-α-L-rhamnosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-dammarane-(E)-20(22), 24-diene-3β, 6α, 12β-triol.     

离子液体-非极性溶剂微波提取法在人参化学成分研究中的应用

以离子液体作为微波吸收介质建立了离子液体-非极性溶剂微波提取法,对人参中的化学成分进行了提取,并将该法与固体微波吸收介质-非极性溶剂微波提取法、极性溶剂微波提取法以及混合溶剂微波提取法进行了对比.结果表明,极性溶剂提取的主要化学成分为极性化合物,而固体微波吸收介质-非极性溶剂微波提取法与离子液体-非极性溶剂微波提取法相比,提取所得的化学成分并无明显差别,说明离子液体是一种较好的微波吸收介质和能量传递材料.所建立的方法具有提取时间短、操作简单及绿色环保等优点,且对后期分析无明显影响,是快速提取化学成分的理想方法.     

人参和五灵脂配伍的无机元素含量测定

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定了人参和五灵脂配伍的无机元素含量。结果表明，人参和五灵脂及其合煎液中的铝含量均低于人参单煎液，人参和五灵配伍可减少有害元素铝的溶出；配伍合煎液中钙、硒、钼、钴、镁、铜、锰等有益元素的含量均高于人参单煎液。     

人参根中丙二酰基三七人参皂苷-R4的分离及其结构表征

从新鲜人参根中分离得到了1个新化合物, 根据理化性质和谱学方法并与文献报道的相关化合物的数据进行比较, 鉴定其结构为丙二酰基三七人参皂苷-R4(Malonyl-notoginsenoside-R4, 1).     

Ultrasonic nebulization extraction coupled with headspace hollow fiber microextraction of pesticides from root of Panax ginseng C.A. Mey

The ultrasonic nebulization extraction coupled with headspace hollow fiber microextraction (UNE-HS-HFME) was applied for the extraction of pesticides from root of Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. Experimental parameters, which affect the performances of ultrasonic nebulization extraction coupled with headspace hollow fiber microextraction, such as the kind of acceptor solvent in the pore of the fiber wall, the sample amount, extraction time, salt concentration in extraction solvent, pH of the acceptor solution, the elution time, and times were studied and optimized. The analytes were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The detection limits for simeton, monolinuron, chlortoluron, karmex, and prebane are 20.9, 18.4, 18.2, 12.4, and 22.2 μg/kg, respectively. Besides volatile and semi-volatile compounds, the non-volatile compounds also can be determined by the proposed method. The extraction and enrichment process can be performed simultaneously.     

Determination of Saponins in Leaf of Panax Ginseng C. A. Mey. by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

A high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) with UV detection was established for simultaneous determination of saponins in the leaf of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. Nine ginsenosides(Rb1,Rb2,Rb3,Rc,Rd,F1,F2,F3,F5) and notoginsenoside Fe(NFe) were studied. Among the saponins,the ginsenosides F1,F2,F3,F5 and NFe were determined by HPLC-UV method for the first time. The determination of the ginsenosides via the HPLC-UV method was performed on a reversed-phase C18 column with gradient elution in 40 min. The line...     

A new panaxadiol from the acid hydrolysate of Panax ginseng

A new panaxadiol(compound 1) was obtained from the acid hydrolysate of the total ginsenosides of Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer (Araliaceae).On the basis of spectroscopic data and single-crystal X-ray diffraction data,its chemical structure was elucidated to be dammar-(E)-20(22)-ene-3β,12β,25-triol.     

A new compound with cytotoxic activities from the leaves of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer

A new compound, 3,6,20（S）-trihydroxy- 12,23-epoxydammar-24-ene,6,20-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside （1）, was isolated from the leaves of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, whose structural elucidation was carried out by means of spectral analysis （including IR, HR- FAB-MS and NMR）. This compound showed the moderate cytotoxic activities against U937 and HeLa cells by using the MTT method.     

Identification of ginsenoside metabolites in plasma related to different bioactivities of Panax notoginseng and Panax ginseng

Although the chemical components of Panax notoginseng (PN) and Panax ginseng (PG) are similar, their bioactivities are different. In this study, the differential bioactivities of PN and PG were used as the research object. First, the different metabolites in the plasma after oral administration of PN and PG were analyzed using a UPLC-Q/TOF-MS-based metabolomics approach. Afterward, the metabolite-target- pathway network of PN and PG was constructed, and thus the pathways related to different bioactivities were analyzed. As a result, 7 different metabolites were identified in PN group, and 10 different metabolites were identified in the PG group. In the PN group, the metabolite N1 was related to hemostasis, N1 and N3 were related to inhibiting the nerve center, antihypertensive, and abirritation. The metabolites N1, N3, N4, N5, and N6 were related to liver protection. The results showed that the metabolites G1, G2, G3, G5, and G6 in PG group were related to heart protection, and G1, G2, G6, and G9 were related to increased blood pressure. There were 13 signaling pathways related to different biological activities of PN (8 pathways) and PG (5 pathways). These pathways further clarified the mechanism of action that caused the different bioactivities between PN and PG. In summary, metabolomics combined with network pharmacology could be helpful to clarify the material basis of different bioactivities between PN and PG, promoting the research on PN and PG.     

A novel acylated quercetin glycoside and compounds of inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase from Panax ginseng flower buds

Abstract

A novel acylated quercetin glycoside, floralpanasenoside A (1) and five known flavonoid glycosides, panasenoside (2), quercetin 3-O-(2''-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-β-D- galactopyranoside (3), trifolin (4) kaempferol 7-O-α-L-rhamnoside (5), and afzelin (6) were isolated from the flower buds of Panax ginseng. Their structures were established by spectroscopic data and comparison with the literature values. Four of the six isolated compounds including 1 (IC₅₀ = 62.4) exhibited α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC₅₀ values lower than acarbose (385.2?μM). The molecular docking study indicated that 1 bound to the active site of α-glucosidase with numerous hydrogen bond interactions.     

固相微萃取―气相色谱―质谱联用方法分析人参中的挥发性物质

采用固相微萃取―气相色谱―质谱联用(SPME-GC-MS)的方法测定了人参中的挥发性物质,并对萃取头类型、萃取温度、萃取时间进行了优化。结果表明,当采用100μm聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)的萃取头(非极性),80℃萃取30 min时,萃取效果最好。结果显示,人参中主要的挥发性物质为γ-榄香烯和β-古芸烯等。     

鲜人参中2种丙二酰基人参皂苷的分离鉴定

采用硅胶柱层析方法,流动相分别为氯仿-甲醇-水(65∶35∶10,V/V)、氯仿-甲醇-水(6∶4∶1)和正丁醇-乙酸乙脂-甲醇-水(4∶2∶1∶1)和高效液相(Nuc leosil C18(250 mm×10 mm,5μm)色谱柱;流动相为己腈-水(75∶25);流速为3.0 mL/m in;柱温30℃;检测波长203 nm。从中国鲜人参中分离得到丙二酰基人参皂苷R c和丙二酰基人参皂苷Rb2,并通过其理化性质、红外光谱、质谱和核磁共振谱对化合物的结构进行了鉴定,证明其结构分别为3-O-[6-O-丙二单酰-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖(1→2)-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖]-20-O-[α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖(1→6)-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖]-20(S)-原人参二醇和3-O-[6-O-丙二单酰-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖(1→2)-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖]-20-O-[α-L-阿拉伯吡喃糖(1→6)-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖]-20(S)-原人参二醇;丙二酰基人参皂苷R c为首次从中国鲜人参中分得。     

Structural Analysis of an Oligosaccharide and Glycopeptide Mixture from Panax Ginseng Root with Inhibition SHP-1 Function

A mixture of oligosaccharide and glycopeptide was isolated from the aqueous extract of Panax ginseng roots. The mixture inhibits protein tyrosine phosphatase(SHP-1) function, implying it enhances immune activity. The peak molecular mass of the oligosaccharide portion is 1800 calculated via GPC software after separation by HPLC. And the structure of the oligosaccharide portion is the backbone of (1→3)-and (1→4)-linked arabinopyranoside, and (1→4)-and (1→6)-linked glucopyranoside, with non-reducing terminals ...     

Development of Green and Efficient Extraction of Bioactive Ginsenosides from Panax ginseng with Deep Eutectic Solvents

The extraction of active constituents from natural sources in a green and efficient manner is considered an important field in the pharmaceutical industry. In recent years, deep eutectic solvents (DESs), a new type of green solvent, have attracted increasing attention. Therefore, we aimed to establish a green and high-efficiency extraction method for ginsenosides based on DESs. This study takes Panax ginseng as a model sample. Eighteen different DESs were produced to extract polar ginsenosides. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was applied for simplicity and efficiency. A binary DES synthesized using choline chloride and urea at a proportion of 1:2 prepared by a heating stirring method is proven to be more effective than other solvents, such as the widely used 70% ethanol for the extraction of ginsenosides. Three variables that might affect the extraction, including the DES content in the extraction solvent, liquid/solid ratio, and ultrasound extraction time, were evaluated for optimization. The optimum extraction conditions for ginsenosides were determined as follows: DES water content of 20 wt%, liquid/solid ratio of 15 mL g⁻¹, and an ultrasonic extraction time of 15 min. The extraction yield for the optimized method is found to be 31% higher than that for 70% ethanol, which achieves efficient extraction. This study shows that DESs are available to extract ginsenosides for use in traditional Chinese medicine. The discovery also contributes to further research into the green extraction of ginsenosides.     

Cytotoxic Properties of C17 Polyacetylenes from the Fresh Roots of Panax ginseng on Human Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Cells

Although C₁₇ polyacetylenes from Panax ginseng exhibit cytotoxic properties against various tumor cells, there have been few experiments on epithelial ovarian carcinoma cells. This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxic effects of C₁₇ polyacetylenes from P. ginseng against ovarian cancer cell lines. Four unreported (1–4) and fifteen known (5–19) C₁₇ polyacetylenes were obtained from the roots of P. ginseng using repeated chromatography (open column, MPLC, and preparative HPLC). The chemical structures of all the compounds were determined by analyzing their spectroscopic data (NMR, IR, and optical rotation) and HR-MS. The structures of new polyacetylenes were elucidated as (3S,8S,9R,10R)-(-)-heptadeca-9,10-epoxy-4,6-diyne-3,8-diyl diacetate (1), (3S,8S,9R,10R)-(−)-heptadeca-1-en-9,10-epoxy-4,6-diyne-3,8-diyl diacetate (2), (−)-haptadeca-9,10-epoxy-8-methoxy-4,6-diyne-3,11-diol (3), and (3R,9R,10R)-(+)-3-acetoxy-9,10-dihydroxyheptadeca-1-en-4,6-diyne (4), named ginsenoynes O, P, and Q, and 3-acetyl panaxytriol, respectively. Subsequently, in vitro experiments on A2780 and SKOV3 human epithelial ovarian carcinoma cells were performed to assess the cytotoxic properties of the isolates. Among the isolates, panaquinquecol 4 (15) exhibited the most remarkable cytotoxic effects on both human ovarian cancer cells A2780 (IC₅₀ value of 7.60 μM) and SKOV3 (IC₅₀ value of 27.53 μM). Therefore, C₁₇ polyacetylenes derived from P. ginseng may warrant further investigation for their therapeutic potential in epithelial ovarian cancer.     

动态泡沫浮选法分离富集人参提取液中的二醇型人参皂苷

采用动态泡沫浮选法分离富集人参提取液中的二醇型人参皂苷, 用高效液相色谱法测定6种人参皂苷Rg₁, Re, Rb₁, Rc, Rb₂和Rd的含量. 考察了浮选液pH值、电解质NaCl浓度、载气流量、料液浓度及料液流速对人参皂苷浮选率的影响, 确定了动态泡沫浮选的最佳条件, 并与溶剂提取法、溶剂浮选法以及静态泡沫浮选法进行了比较. 结果表明, 动态泡沫浮选法对二醇型人参皂苷Rb₁, Rc, Rb₂和Rd具有高富集效率, 回收率分别为93.3%, 98.6%, 96.9%和98.3%, 而对三醇型人参皂苷Rg1和Re的富集效率却很低, 回收率分别为4.8%和4.2%. 该法是分离纯化二醇型人参皂苷的一种简便有效的方法.     

竹节人参中氨基酸和皂甙特征组分的分析鉴别

建立了利用高效液相色谱法和红外光谱法分析鉴别竹节人参中氨基酸和皂甙的特征组分的方法。分离了竹节人参中的皂甙和水溶性氨基酸, 并对其中的Rb1和Rg1两种人参皂甙以及17种氨基酸进行了定性分析;粗皂甙红外图谱的主要特征峰与Rb1一致。通过与指定的粗皂甙的红外图谱相比较,可鉴定药品的真伪;分析样品色谱图中氨基酸和皂甙等成分的比例,可对该产品进行内在品质的鉴定。该方法简便 快速,所得实验结果代表性强,重现性良好。     

离子液体-基质固相分散-超声雾化-固相萃取结合高效液相色谱法检测人参中三嗪类除草剂

采用固载1-甲基-3己基咪唑六氟磷酸([C6MIM][PF6])的硅胶作为基质固相分散剂,与超声雾化提取及C18固相萃取相结合,对人参提取物进行提取和净化;采用高效液相色谱法,建立了人参中5种三嗪类除草剂的检测方法.样品前处理的最优条件为:300 mg人参粉末与150 mg硅胶([C6MIM][PF6]含量2.0 mmol/g)研磨5 min,以20.0 mL去离子水(pH 7,含1.0％ NaCl)超声雾化提取10 min,再以5.0 mL乙腈洗脱萃取小柱(300 mg C18).实验结果表明,目标物的检出限为0.020～0.035 g/g,线性相关系数r2≥0.9992,实际样品加标回收率为78.2％～95.4％,相对标准偏差为3.5％ ～6.0％.本方法快速高效、净化效果好、提取率高,为中药中农药残留的检测提供了新的样品前处理方法.     

珠子参化学成分分析

从珠子参根茎中分离得到7个化合物. 利用核磁共振、 质谱和红外等手段, 并结合其理化性质, 鉴定了其结构, 它们分别是24(R)-珠子参苷R1, 6-O-[β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基(1→2)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基]-20-O-[β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基(1→4)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基]-20(S)-原人参三醇、 6″-乙酰基-人参皂苷Rd、 人参皂苷Rf、 竹节参皂苷Ⅳa、 人参皂苷Rd和竹节参皂苷Ⅴ. 其中, 24(R)-珠子参苷R1和6-O-[β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基(1→2)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基]-20-O-[β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基(1→4)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基]-20(S)-原人参三醇为2个新化合物, 6″-乙酰基-人参皂苷Rd 和人参皂苷Rf为首次从珠子参根茎中得到.     

高效液相色谱法测定竹节参中多种人参皂苷含量

建立了高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定竹节参中人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rb1、Rb2、Rg2、Rd含量的方法.运用二极管阵列检测器(DAD)峰纯度和光谱检索功能,结合保留时间定性,外标峰面积法定量.采用C18反相柱,以乙腈-水梯度洗脱测定了同一批竹节参总皂苷中人参皂苷Rg1、Re、Rd的含量分别为0.81%、0.15%、2.99%,回收率为93.46%~94.02%,含量及回收率的RSD均小于5%,该方法简便、灵敏,精密度及准确度在允许范围内,可作为竹节参皂苷提取物中多种人参皂苷的同时测定方法.