热变形求解及其对高速点接触弹流润滑影响研究

提出了一种固体表面热变形求解新方法(ITD),由此研究了热变形对高速点接触弹流润滑行为的影响. 为此,基于计入流体惯性项的Reynolds方程获得了油膜压力,采用追赶法对润滑剂和接触固体的温度进行了求解,进而研究了不同工况下有无热变形的高速点接触非牛顿热弹流润滑性能. 采用有限元法和离散累加法对ITD法进行了验证,通过中心膜厚试验验证了考虑热变形的正确性. 结果表明:ITD法可准确快速地计算表面热变形;考虑热变形后,油膜厚度降低且向油膜出口倾斜,考虑热变形后的中心膜厚更接近试验结果.      

THERMAL CONSOLIDATION OF LAYERED POROUS HALF-SPACE TO VARIABLE THERMAL LOADING

An analytical method was derived for the thermal consolidation of layered, saturated porous half-space to variable thermal loading with time. In the coupled governing equations of linear thermoelastic media, the influences of thermo-osmosis effect and thermal filtration effect were introduced. Solutions in Laplace transform space were first obtained and then numerically inverted. The responses of a double-layered porous space subjected to exponential decaying thermal loading were studied. The influences of the differences between the properties of the two layers (e.g., the coefficient of thermal consolidation, elastic modulus) on thermal consolidation were discussed. The studies show that the coupling effects of displacement and stress fields on temperature field can be completely neglected, however, the thermo-osmosis effect has an obvious influence on thermal responses.     

碳纤维长度与取向对纸基摩擦材料热负荷及摩擦学性能影响

采用湿法成型工艺制备了碳纤维长度为0.1~12 mm的5种碳纤维增强纸基摩擦材料.采用梯度能量试验方法测试了所制备材料承载热负荷的能力以及在各级能量负荷条件下的摩擦磨损性能.借助扫描电镜及热导率测试仪,研究了材料承载热负荷的机理.结果表明:碳纤维长度与取向对材料的热负荷及摩擦学性能有显著影响;当碳纤维长度为6 mm时,材料承载热负荷的能力最高;长度为3~12 mm的碳纤维能够在摩擦面形成稳固的框架结构,使材料在不同能量负荷条件下保持稳定的摩擦磨损性能;纤维长度对碳纤维在材料中的排列取向有直接影响,垂直于摩擦面排列的碳纤维能够显著提高材料的热导率并降低材料所承受的最大功率密度.     

随机激励下受热翼面的模态频率特性试验研究

现代高速飞行器结构热模态频率特性试验研究,对这类飞行器设计校核和飞行安全具有重要意义。根据飞行过程中遭受的气动加热特性设计了瞬态热环境模拟系统,同时,根据高温环境的特点对测试中的激励和测量方式进行了重新设计,成功地将普通激振器应用于高温结构模态试验,最终将热环境模拟系统与振动测试系统组合,形成一套考虑瞬态热影响的热模态试验系统,实现了瞬态热环境下结构模态的地面测试。对一个切尖三角翼测量了各个加热区的温度随加热时间的变化,验证了加热温度控制的精确性;在纯随机激励下对测得的激励和振动响应信号采用短时傅里叶变换(Short Time Fourier Transformation,STFT)进行时变模态参数辨识,获得了前四阶模态频率随加热时间的变化,并与结构有限元数值计算结果进行了比较,试验与计算结果吻合得很好,验证了该试验方法对热模态测试问题的有效性和准确性。通过分别对瞬态和稳态热环境下结构模态频率试验和计算结果的分析,探讨了结构瞬态温度场对模态频率影响的机理,揭示了结构内部存在的热应力和材料属性的变化,是决定模态频率随加热时间变化趋势的内在原因。     

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes added to Na2CO3/MgO composites for thermal energy storage

Na2CO3/MgO composites with added multi-walled carbon nanotubes （MWCNTs） were prepared and tested as phase change materials （PCMs） for thermal energy storage. Na2CO3/MgO composite PCMs were prepared and their chemical compatibility and thermal stability were studied. MWCNTs introduced with Na2CO3/MgO composite PCMs were also investigated and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） characterization was used to demonstrate the uniform dispersion of MWCNTs in Na2CO3/MgO composite PCMs. The composites with added MWCNTs still display good thermal stability with mass losses lower than 5%. Introducing MWCNTs into composite Na2CO3/MgO PCMs by material formation/calcination signifi.cantly enhances the thermal conductivity of the composite PCMs. The thermal conductivity of the composite PCMs was found to increase with an increase in the weight fraction of the added MWCNTs and an increase in the testing temperature. This study may present a promising way to prepare high temperature phase change materials with superior properties such as improved thermal stability.     

Catastrophe analysis of cylindrical lithium ion battery

The thermal runaway reactions in a lithium ion battery cause its temperature and pressure to increase sharply and even as a result explode in the worst conditions. This kind of explosion is thought of as a catastrophe phenomenon. The energy conservation equation for the discharging process of lithium ion battery was produced, to disclose the catastrophic mechanism of thermal runaway explosion. By the dimensionless method, the swallowtail catastrophe potential function of the lithium ion battery was obtained. The control variables of the potential function were discussed further and the thermal runaway zones and non-thermal runaway zones were obtained. The results indicate that the thermal runaway of lithium ion battery is a swallowtail catastrophe in essence, and thus the control methods of lithium ion battery thermal runaway can be designed from the view point of catastrophes in the future.     

火球动态模型在温压炸药热毁伤效应评估中的应用

根据红外热成像仪所测的某温压炸药和TNT爆炸火球的表征参量数据,分析了火球热辐射的动态模型,对爆炸火球变化规律进行了定量描述.以具有时间属性的爆炸火球热辐射动态模型为基础,比较了温压炸药和TNT装药爆炸火球热毁伤效应.研究结果表明,温压炸药的热辐射剂量可达TNT热辐射剂量的3.6～4.8倍,温压炸药具有明显的高温毁伤优...     

Coherent motion of turbulent thermal plume in stably stratified fluid

The purpose of this study is to clarify the existence of an ordered and large scale coherent motion in a turbulent plane thermal plume in a thermally-stable stratified fluid inside a comparatively large enclosure. First, the upper part of the thermal plume was carefully observed by a flow visualization. Secondly, a wave form of plume temperature variation was measured. Thirdly, a spectrum analysis was carried out on time series data of the thermal plume. Finally, physical characteristics were investigated on vortices in the thermal plume based on results of the wave form and the spectrum analysis of the plume temperature. As a result, the main conclusions are obtained as follows. (1) An existence of vortices near the upper part of the thermal plume was firstly found by careful flow visualization. (2) From the wave form of temperature variation and the spectrum analysis of the thermal plume, it was clarified that the vortices are generated in the transition state and are transported to the turbulent state. (3) The vortices are ordered and they behave as a large scale coherent motion in the turbulent thermal plume.     

热源条件下油气二次热着火

针对实际工况地下受限空间一次着火明火熄灭后,残余气体遭遇局部高温热源而导致的二次热着 火的特殊现象进行实验。讨论了油气二次热着火的临界温度、临界浓度、着火强度、着火概率和着火模式。发 现油气二次热着火的强度和概率更大,着火持续时间更短。总结出油气一次热着火后遭遇高温热源能否发生 二次热着火的综合判据。二次热着火概率与环境温度的关系满足指数关系式 =aeb cT+d 。     

Start-up and steady thermal oscillation of a pulsating heat pipe

As a novel electronic cooling device, pulsating heat pipes (PHPs) have been received attention in recent years. However, literature survey shows that no studies were carried out on the start-up and steady thermal oscillation of the PHPs. In the present paper, the copper capillary tube was being bended to form the snake-shaped PHP. Heating power was applied on the heating section, and transferred to the condensation section and dissipated to the environment by the pure natural convection. The inside diameter of the capillary tube is 2.0 mm and the working fluid is selected as FC-72. A high speed data acquisition system was used to detect the start-up and steady thermal oscillation of the PHP. Two types of the start-up process were observed: a sensible heat receiving start-up process accompanying an apparent temperature overshoot followed by the steady thermal oscillation at low heating power, and a smooth sensible heat receiving start-up process incorporating a smooth oscillation period at high heating power. For the steady thermal oscillation, also two types were found: the random thermal oscillation with a wide frequency range, indicating the random distribution of the vapor plug and liquid slug inside the capillary tube at low heating power, and the quasi periodic thermal oscillation with the same characteristic frequency for both heating section and condensation section, indicating the uniform distribution of the vapor plug and liquid slug inside the capillary tube at high heating power. The power spectral density (PSD) was used to analyze the thermal oscillation waves. The frequency corresponds to the time that a couple of adjacent vapor plug and liquid slug passing through a specific wall surface.     

Relationship between thermal stratification and flow patterns in steam-quenching suppression pool

This study aims to examine the relationship between thermal stratification and flow patterns in a steam-quenching suppression pool using particle image velocimetry. Thermal stratification was experimentally evaluated in a depressurized water pool under different steam mass flux conditions. The time evolution of the temperature profile of the suppression pool was presented with the variation of condensation regimes, and steam condensation processes were visualized using a high-speed camera. The thermal stratification condition was classified into full mixing, gradual thermal stratification, and developed thermal stratification. It was found that the condition was determined by the flow patterns depending on the force balance between buoyancy and momentum. The force balance affected both the condensation regime and the flow pattern, and hence, the flow pattern was changed with the condensation regime. However, the force balance had a sensitive influence on the flow in the pool; therefore, distinct flow patterns were observed even in the same condensation regime.     

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为研究金属-FGM-陶瓷 EFBF 复合板的稳态热应力,从热传导规律出发,结合热应力计算公式,建立了该复合板稳态热应 力的研究模型,用有限元和辛普生法分析了T_a=500K和T_b=1800K时,该 复合板的稳态热应力分布并与无梯度两层复合板的结果进行了比较. 结果表明：FGM梯度层的厚度、组分和孔隙率对该EFBF复合板的热应力有不同程度的影响, 此外,有梯度三层复合板的热应力比较缓和,最大拉应力减小29.18%. 此结果为该复合板的设计和应用提供了准确的计算依据.     

A vertical heat pipe: an experimental and statistical study of the thermal performance in the presence of low-frequency vibrations

New experimental results present the effects of low-frequency vibrations in a vertical heat pipe. The thermal resistance was investigated under different heat transfer rates, filling ratios and frequencies, increase of which improved the thermal performance. The vibrations were effective 33.83 % on the performance, and the best performance was estimated using the L16 array of Taguchi method, and it was achieved with the thermal resistance 0.064 K/W in the frequency 30 Hz.     

A Fractal Approach to Model Soil Structure and to Calculate Thermal Conductivity of Soils

Heat transport in soils depends on the spatial arrangement of solids, ice, air and water. In this study, we present a modified fractal approach to model the pore structure of soils and to describe its influence on the thermal conductivity. Three different fractal generators were sequentially applied to characterize a wide range of particle- and pore-size distributions. The given porosity and particle-size distribution of a clay, clay loam, silt loam and loamy sand were successfully modeled. The thermal conductivity of the fractal soil model was calculated using a network of resistors. We applied a renormalization approach to include the effects of smaller scale structures. The predictions were compared with the empirical Johansen' model (Johansen, 1975), that postulates a simple linear relationship between ice content and thermal conductivity. For high ice-saturated conditions, the calculated thermal conductivity agrees well with the empirical model. To describe partial ice saturation, we assumed that some pores were coated by ice films enclosing the air-filled center. In addition, we introduced a reduced heat exchange coefficient of the particles for unsaturated conditions. The ice-saturated and -unsaturated thermal conductivity calculated with this approach was very similar to that estimated by the empirical model. The variation of the thermal conductivities for different spatial arrangements of pores and particles in the prefractals were determined. Extreme values deviate more than 50% from the mean values.     

烤燃条件下HMX/TATB基混合炸药多步热分解反应计算

采用多步热分解反应动力学模型,描述单质炸药热分解反应,提出了多组分网格单元计算方法,对以HMX/TATB为基的多元混合炸药在烤燃条件下的热反应过程进行了计算。通过炸药烤燃实验测量了炸药内部温度,获得了炸药点火时间,验证了计算的准确性。分析了混合炸药组成比例的变化对炸药热反应性能的影响。在HMX/TATB混合炸药热反应阶段,主要是HMX发生分解反应释放热量,TATB的反应量很少,随着混合炸药中TATB含量的增多,炸药的点火时间逐渐增长,点火温度逐渐增高,炸药热安全性增强。     

Effect of temperature on the effective thermal conductivity of n-tetradecane-based nanofluids containing copper nanoparticles

Nanofluids were prepared by dispersing Cu nanoparticles(~20nm) in n-tetradecane by a two-step method.The effective thermal conductivity was measured for various nanoparticle volume fractions(0.0001-0.02) and temperatures(306.22-452.66 K).The experimental data compares well with the Jang and Choi model.The thermal conductivity enhancement was lower above 391.06 K than for that between306.22 and 360.77 K.The interfacial thermal resistance increased with increasing temperature.The effective thermal conductivity enhancement was greater than that obtained with a more viscous fluid as the base media at 452.66 K because of nanoconvection induced by nanoparticle Brownian motion at high temperature.     

Thermal fatigue assessment of components made with particulate polymer composites

Many appliance materials are made of PMMA/Si acrylic casting dispersion. In these situations, failure can occur by thermal fatigue induced by severe temperature variations such as alternating flows of cold and hot water. This paper is concerned with the numerical analysis of the thermal stresses in three composites with different volume fractions of filler and particle size. Their trade marks are Asterite, Amatis and Ultra-quartz. Cosmos/M finite element method software was used to study the influence of the cold and hot water temperatures as well as the time of interruption of water flow in the transition between hot and cold water on thermal stresses. Residual stresses were measured and superimposed to thermal stress in fatigue analysis. Typical defects in the corner of holes produced by drilling were predicted using experimental fatigue lives and da/dN curves. Based on predicted defects thermal fatigue assessment of commercially available sinks made with the three materials mentioned earlier was done by taking into account the influence of both cyclic thermal and static residual stresses induced by the manufacturing process.     

泡内气体热力学性质对空泡溃灭的影响

数值研究固壁附近轴对称空泡溃灭问题. 忽略泡内气体与周围流体之间的质量和热交换, 假设气体瞬时处于热平衡状态, 通过引入不同的热力学模型, 考察泡内气体在空泡溃灭过程中的作用. 采用原始变量的Navier-Stokes方程作为流场的控制方程, 用流体体积方法跟踪运动空泡壁. 数值结果显示空泡溃灭过程中, 伴随空泡变形, 空泡发出多个高压脉冲和高速射流. 对于不同的热力学模型, 等温, 绝热和准绝热过程, 绝热过程能够最大程度抑制空泡溃灭, 从而减弱空泡溃灭对固壁造成的空蚀破坏. 在绝热及其类似过程中, 出现空泡回弹现象.     

高温下钢管自密实混凝土界面接触热阻试验研究

钢管混凝土结构的火灾性能研究通常要考虑钢管和混凝土的界面接触热阻问题,本文对钢管自密实混凝土柱的界面接触热阻进行了试验研究。制作了8个钢管自密实混凝土柱,依据Fourier定律和Newton冷却定律得到了钢管混凝土界面接触热阻的求解方法。利用有限元和多项式拟合外推得到界面温度,得出钢管混凝土接触热阻随着钢管界面温度的变化规律。试验结果表明,未受载的钢管自密实混凝土界面接触热阻平均值范围在0.002~0.01m2·K/W,与其他文献结果相比有一定可靠性。     

EFFECT OF FRACTIONAL ORDER PARAMETER ON THERMOELASTIC BEHAVIORS OF ELASTIC MEDIUM WITH VARIABLE PROPERTIES

This paper is concerned with the thermoelastic behaviors of an elastic medium with variable thermal material properties. The problem is in the context of fractional order heat conduction. The governing equations with variable thermal properties were established by means of the fractional order calculus. The problem of a half-space formed of an elastic medium with variable thermal material properties was solved, and asymptotic solutions induced by a sudden temperature rise on the boundary were obtained by applying an asymptotic approach. The propagations of thermoelastic wave and thermal wave, as well as the distributions of displacement,temperature and stresses were obtained and plotted. Variations in the distributions with different values of fractional order parameter were discussed. The results were compared with those obtained from the case of constant material properties to evaluate the effects of variable material properties on thermoelastic behaviors.