Temperature dependence of the surface upper critical field of superconducting alloys

The temperature dependence of the surface upper critical field,H _c3, nearT _c is calculated for arbitrary values of the mean free pathl by taking into account the fourthorder term of the generalized Ginzburg-Landau theory. For finitel the boundary condition is modified such that the normal derivative of the energy gap at the surface becomes positive. The slope of the curveH _c3/H _c2 versust=T/T _c att=1 is found to decrease monotoneously from zero to ?1.040 as one goes from the “dirty” to the “clean” limit.     

Hall-Petch analysis for temperature and strain rate dependent deformation of polycrystalline lead

A dislocation pile-up analysis of the Hall-Petch constant k _ε for the tensile deformation of polycrystalline lead over a wide range of temperature T and at two strain rates has been made. The predicted and experimental Hall-Petch dependencies k _ε ² = f (T) are in good agreement. Lower than predicted k _ε values at very low temperatures are attributed to the high curvature of grain boundaries which experience high localized plasticity and consequent shear banding.     

A new procedure for investigating three-dimensional stress fields in a thin plate with a through-the-thickness crack

In the paper, a new procedure is proposed to investigate three-dimensional fracture problems of a thin elastic plate with a long through-the-thickness crack under remote uniform tensile loading. The new procedure includes a new analytical method and high accurate finite element simulations. In the part of theoretical analysis, three-dimensional Maxwell stress functions are employed in order to derive three-dimensional crack tip fields. Based on the theoretical analysis, an equation which can describe the relationship among the three-dimensional J-integral J(z), the stress intensity factor K(z) and the tri-axial stress constraint level T _z (z) is derived first. In the part of finite element simulations, a fine mesh including 153360 elements is constructed to compute the stress field near the crack front, J(z) and T _z (z). Numerical results show that in the plane very close to the free surface, the K field solution is still valid for in-plane stresses. Comparison with the numerical results shows that the analytical results are valid.     

Multistage radiation-stimulated changes in the microhardness of silicon single crystals exposed to low-intensity β irradiation

Radiation-stimulated and postradiation changes in the microhardness of silicon single crystals exposed to irradiation with a low-intensity flux of β particles (I = 9 × 10⁵ cm^?2 s^?1, W = 0.20 + 0.93 MeV) are studied. It is established that the inversion of the radiation-induced plastic effect occurs at a characteristic irradiation time τ_c = 75 min; i.e., irradiation of silicon single crystals for a time τ < τ_c leads to nonmonotonic reversible hardening, whereas nonmonotonic reversible softening is observed under irradiation for a time τ > τ_c. It is demonstrated that there exists a correlation between the nonmonotonic dependences of the microhardness and the concentration of electrically active defects at acceptor levels with energies E _c ? 0.11 eV, E _c ? 0.13 eV, and E _c ? 0.18 eV on the irradiation time.     

Enhancement of pseudogap anomalies induced by nanoscale structural inhomogeneity in YBa<Subscript>2</Subscript>Cu<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>6.93</Subscript> high-<Emphasis Type="Italic">T</Emphasis><Subscript>c</Subscript> superconductor

The magnetization M(H) in the superconducting state, dc magnetic susceptibility χ(T) in the normal state, and specific heat C(T) near the superconducting transition temperature T _c have been measured for a series of fine-crystalline YBa₂Cu₃O _y samples having nearly optimum values of y = 6.93 ± 0.3 and T _c = (91.5 ± 0.5) K. The samples differ only in the degree of nanoscale structural inhomogeneity. The characteristic parameters of superconductors (the London penetration depth and the Ginzburg–Landau parameter) and the thermodynamic critical field H _c are determined by the analysis of the magnetization curves M(H). It is found that the increase in the degree of nanoscale structural inhomogeneity leads to an increase in the characteristic parameters of superconductors and a decrease in H _c(T) and the jump of the specific heat ΔC/T _c. It is shown that the changes in the physical characteristics are caused by the suppression of the density of states near the Fermi level. The pseudogap is estimated by analyzing χ(T). It is found that the nanoscale structural inhomogeneity significantly enhances and probably even creates the pseudogap regime in the optimally doped high-T _c superconductors.     

Temperature dependence of the upper critical field of superconducting alloys

The upper critical field,H _c2, is calculated in the temperature range close toT _c for arbitrary values of the mean free path 1. The method is to treat the fourth-order term in the linearized differential equation for the gap parameter as a perturbation to the harmonic oscillator equation. The Nambu-Tuan term, which determines the structure of the “clean-limit” and “dirty-limit” parts of the fourth-order term, is calculated by means of the ladder diagram technique for impurity interaction lines. The result is that the magnitude of the slope of the curveH _c2/√2H _c κ versust=T/T _c att=1 decreases monotonically from the value 0.41 to 0.12 as the ratio of the BCS coherence lengthξ ₀ to the mean free path 1 increases from 0 to ∞. For 1?ξ ₀ this slope is about 0.26.     

The structure of a vortex line and the lower critical field in superconducting alloys

The structure of an isolated vortex line, and the lower critical fieldH _c 1, is calculated by means of the generalized Ginzburg-Landau (GL) theory for arbitrary values of the GL-parameterk(≧1/√2) and the mean free pathl at temperaturesT in the vicinity ofT _c . The free energy functional including the corrections of order [1?(T/T _c )] to the GL-functional is derived exactly. The corresponding Euler-Lagrange equations determining the zero-order (GL) contributions and the corrections of order [1?(T/T _c )] to the order parameter,f(r), and the superfluid velocity,v(r), have been solved numerically. The shapes of the first-order corrections off(r), v(r), and the magnetic field,h(r) are found to depend markedly, for a given value ofκ, on a second parameter,α=0.882(ξ ₀ /l) (whereξ ₀ is theBCS-coherence-distance). The deviations from the GL-solutions become largest forh(r) at parameter valuesk≈ 1 andα ≈ 0(the deviation ofh(0) is about 6% atT=0.9T _c forκ=1 andα=0). The ratioH _c1/H _c (where the thermodynamic criticalH _c has the BCS-temperature-dependence) is found to increase slightly in the “clean” limit (α=0), and to decrease slightly in the “dirty” limit (α=∞) asT decreases (the variation ofH _c 1/H _c is always less than 3% for arbitrary values ofκ andα asT decreases fromT _c to 0.9T _c ).     

Aussagen der Theorie von Kraichnan für die isotrope hydromagnetische Turbulenz

The theory ofKraichnan is applied to quasi-stationary isotropic hydromagnetic turbulence. The average infinitesimal-impulse-response functionsg(k, τ), g _m (k, τ) and the time-correlationsr(k, τ), r _m (k, τ) are evaluated by the non-local direct-interaction approximation within the inertial range. For the range of ohmic but no viscous dissipation it is found that the magnetic energy spectrumE _m (k) obeys aE(k)k ^?2-law in accordance with results ofGolitsyn andMoffatt.     

The size effects upon shock plastic compression of nanocrystals

For the first time a theoretical analysis of scale effects upon the shock plastic compression of nanocrystals is implemented in the context of a dislocation kinetic approach based on the equations and relationships of dislocation kinetics. The yield point of crystals τ_y is established as a quantitative function of their cross-section size D and the rate of shock deformation as τ_y ~ ε^2/3 D. This dependence is valid in the case of elastic stress relaxation on account of emission of dislocations from single-pole Frank–Read sources near the crystal surface.     

Temperature dependence of the magnetization in the mixed state of superconducting alloys

The theory of Abrikosov of the immediate subcritical region in the mixed state is extended by means of the generalized Ginzburg-Landau theory to temperatures belowT _c and arbitrary mean free pathl of the electrons. The results for the magnetization and the free energy can still be presented in the form derived by Abrikosov apart from the fact thatκ is replaced by a new parameterκ ₂(T). The slope of the curveκ ₂/κ versust=T/T _c att=1 is found to decrease monotonically from ?0.105 to — (1.367-0.136κ ^?2) asl increases from zero to infinity. The results for short mean free paths are consistent with experiment, in particular,κ ₂ is always larger thanκ in the vicinity ofT _c . But the experimental temperature dependence ofκ ₂/κ in pure Nb is much higher than the theoretical one.     

Quasi-two-dimensional metallic hydrogen in diphosphide at a high pressure

The average optical reflectivity of bismuth as a function of time t after irradiation by a short laser pulse has been calculated. The amplitude A of photoinduced oscillations in the average optical reflectivity is shown to have extrema under certain conditions. The time τ_j (j is a natural number) at which the amplitude A reaches the jth extremum has been calculated. The calculated dependences of the times τ₁ and τ₂ at which, respectively, the first and second extrema (the first minimum and the first maximum) of the amplitude A are reached on the maximum laser pulse energy density Q are consistent with the experimental data from [8].     

Critical magnetic field of the vortex-free state in NbC thin films and prospects for its observation in MgB<Subscript>2</Subscript>

The critical magnetic fields H _c‖ and H _c2 are measured for thin films of the isotropic superconductor NbC. It is revealed that the critical fields exhibit strong anisotropy due to the vortex-free state of the film in a magnetic field aligned parallel to its surface. The H _c‖/H _c2 ratio at 2 K exceeds 6 and increases with increasing temperature. The dependence H _c‖(T) agrees quantitatively with the concepts of microscopic theory on the vortex-free state of a thin film of a clean superconductor in the temperature range below T _c . As the electron mean free path decreases under irradiation of the film with a low dose of He⁺ ions, the critical field H _c‖ remains unchanged near T _c but increases significantly at lower temperatures. The well-known theoretical models are used to estimate the electronic parameters and thicknesses of MgB₂ films for which the specific features associated with the vortex-free state of the two-gap superconductor can manifest themselves in the temperature dependence of the critical magnetic field H _c‖(T).     

Dislocation dynamics in solid solutions of covalent crystals

The dislocation mechanism of solid solution strengthening of covalent semiconductor crystals has been studied. The change in the regularities of dislocation dynamics in solid solutions from those in the components of the solution is connected with the manifestation of the nonlinear drift of dislocation kinks. The theory developed suggests an explanation of specificities of the dislocation mobility in a Ge_1–cSi_c solid solution.     

Bestimmung der Atomspinkorrelationszeiten der Fe3+-Ionen in FeNH4(SO4)2·12 H2O mit Hilfe des Mössbauereffektes

The Mössbauer effect studies of⁵⁷Fe in the paramagnetic salt FeNH₄(SO₄)₂·12 H₂O reported byObenshain et al. were extended to higher values of the applied external magnetic fieldH _a. The results are discussed in terms of the theoretical calculations given byWegener. The data can be fitted using a maximum internal fieldH _max=(598±10) kOe and two atomic spin correlation times τ_c=2,4 · 10^?9 sec andτ′ _c=2,1 · 10^?9 sec.τ _c andτ′ _c are independent ofH _a and the temperatureT. It is assumed in the analysis that the distribution w(H) of the internal fields can be described by a continuous function of the Boltzmann factor type with two parameters. These two parameters are determined by the normalization and the macroscopic magnetization.     

Cleavage of C<Subscript>60</Subscript> fullerite crystals

It is found that, under certain conditions, C₆₀ fullerite crystals can be cleaved along cleavage planes that are close-packed planes of the {111} type. Rigid gas-phase grown crystals exhibit good cleavage properties. In experiments with active compressive deformation, these crystals showed a high yield point τ_y = 2.65 MPa, a “parabolic” stress-strain curve, and brittle fracture after attaining a shear strain of about 8%. The fracture surface was clearly seen to have fragments parallel to the (111) plane. Typical microstructures observed in the cleavage plane are discussed: crystallographic cleavage steps, an indentation pattern, and a dislocation prick rosette. The fact that the activation volume V ? 60b³ is small (b is the Burgers vector of a dislocation) and strain-independent indicates the Peierls character of fullerite deformation or dislocation drag in a dense network of local defects.     

Homogeneous nucleation in liquid nitrogen at negative pressures

The kinetics of spontaneous cavitation in liquid nitrogen at positive and negative pressures has been studied in a tension wave formed by a compression pulse reflected from the liquid–vapor interface on a thin platinum wire heated by a current pulse. The limiting tensile stresses (Δp = p_s–p, where p_s is the saturation pressure), the corresponding bubble nucleation frequencies J (10²⁰–10²² s^–1 m^–3), and temperature induced nucleation frequency growth rate G_T = dlnJ/dT have been experimentally determined. At T = 90 K, the limiting tensile stress was Δp = 8.3 MPa, which was 4.9 MPa lower than the value corresponding to the boundary of thermodynamic stability of the liquid phase (spinodal). The measurement results were compared to classical (homogeneous) nucleation theory (CNT) with and without neglect of the dependence of the surface tension of critical bubbles on their dimensions. In the latter case, the properties of new phase nuclei were described in terms of the Van der Waals theory of capillarity. The experimental data agree well with the CNT theory when it takes into account the “size effect.”     

Anisotropic<Emphasis Type="Italic">s</Emphasis>-wave or<Emphasis Type="Italic">d</Emphasis>-wave pairing? Analysis of experiments on ion irradiation of YBa<Subscript>2</Subscript>Cu<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>7-x</Subscript> films

The effect of ion irradiation on the superconducting transition temperatureT _c and resistivityρ _ab (T) of YBa₂Cu₃O_7-x films with different oxygen content (initial temperatureT _c0≈90 K and 60 K) is studied experimentally. The dependenciesT _c /T _c0 on residual resistivityρ _o are obtained in very wide range 0.2<T _c /T _c0 <1 andρ _o μΩ·cm. The critical values ofρ _o , corresponding to the vanishing of superconductivity, are found to be an order of magnitude larger then those predicted by theory ford-wave pairing. At 0.5÷0.6<T _c /T _c0<1 the experimental data are in close agreement with theoretical dependencies, obtained for the anisotropics-wave superconductor within the BCS-framework.     

The effect of hadronic rindler horizon on hadronization process

In this study by extending the recent suggested mechanisms to hadronization processes, the information loss for QCD matter in hadronic Rindler horizon is found. We notice that for all finite values of quark and gluon energies, all information from all hadronization processes experiences some degree of loss. Then the effect of hedonic Rindler horizon on three jet cross section is explored. It is found that the three jet cross section is rising at y_cut =?0.0002 exhibits a turn-over at moderate value of y_cut =?0.01 and then rapidly decreases as y_cut increases. This model is consistent with OPAL data. Finally, different channels for producing Higgs boson near hadronic Rindler horizon are studied. It is shown that the cross section of Higgs boson produced via gluon fusion and quark interaction near a single Hadronic Rindler Horizon is much larger for higher center of mass energies. This is because an increase in the energy of hadronic Rindler horizon raises the temperature, thus intensifying the thermal radiation of QCD matter.     

Kohärenzeffekte in Doppelschichten aus verschiedenen Supraleitern

Films of lead are deposited on a superconducting substrate. The transition temperatureT _c of this sandwich is measured as a function of the lead thicknessD _Pb . In different experiments the properties (thickness, transition temperature, mean free path of electrons) of the substrate are varied. It is especially interesting that the initial slope (small lead thickness) of theT _c (D _Pb )-curve is independent of the electronic mean free path of the superconducting substrate and inversely proportional to its thickness. The results for different thicknesses of the components in the system indium — lead can be well described by a theory ofdeGennes andWerthamer.     

Almost mobility edges and the existence of critical regions in one-dimensional quasiperiodic lattices

We study a one-dimensional quasiperiodic system described by the Aubry–André model in the small wave vector limit and demonstrate the existence of almost mobility edges and critical regions in the system. It is well known that the eigenstates of the Aubry–André model are either extended or localized depending on the strength of incommensurate potential V being less or bigger than a critical value V _c , and thus no mobility edge exists. However, it was shown in a recent work that for the system with V < V _c and the wave vector α of the incommensurate potential is small, there exist almost mobility edges at the energy E _c±, which separate the robustly delocalized states from “almost localized” states. We find that, besides E _c±, there exist additionally another energy edges E _c′±, at which abrupt change of inverse participation ratio (IPR) occurs. By using the IPR and carrying out multifractal analyses, we identify the existence of critical regions among |E _c±|?≤?|E|?≤?|E _c′±| with the mobility edges E _c± and E _c′± separating the critical region from the extended and localized regions, respectively. We also study the system with V > V _c , for which all eigenstates are localized states, but can be divided into extended, critical and localized states in their dual space by utilizing the self-duality property of the Aubry–André model.