气相色谱-微波等离子体发射光谱的研究 Ⅰ.化合物结构对经验式测定的影响

本文以烯烃、芳烃、多核芳烃、烯烃-烷烃混合物、烯烃-多核芳烃混合物、氧代烃和溴代烃等类型的化合物为代表,考察了化合物结构对气相色谱-微波等离子体发射光谱联用测定化合物经验式结果的影响.对属于同系物的烃类选其中任一种为参比物,测定准确度不受化合物结构的影响;对含有非同系物的混合物,如烯烃-多核芳烃,参比物和被测物的结构对测定结果准确度有一定的影响,选择其中的非同系物作参比物时,所测得的经验式准确度相对较差;含卤素原子的化合物结构对经验式测定影响较大,必须选择结构相近(碳架结构和卤素原子数相近)的化合物作为经验式测定的参比物.     

气相色谱-微波等离子体发射光谱研究——Ⅱ.元素响应值与化合物结构的关系

微波诱导等离子体发射光谱(MIP-AES)是一种气相色谱可进行多元素同时检测的选择性检测器。本文以烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃、多核芳烃、醇等同系物系列,含有饱和烃和不饱和烃(烷烃、烯烃、多核芳烃)的混合物,含氧化合物,各种氯代有机物、溴代有机物等类型的化合物为代表,考察了化合物结构对气相色谱-微波等离子体发射光谱(GC-MIP)的碳、氢、氯、溴等元素响应值的影响以及微波输入功率对元素响应值的影响。     

气相色谱-微波等离子体发射光谱研究Ⅱ颍．元素响应值与化合物结构的关系

]微波诱导等离子体发射光谱(MIP-AES)是一种气相色谱可进行多元素同时检测的选择性检测器。本文以烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃、多核芳烃、醇等同系物系列，含有饱和烃和不饱和烃（烷烃、烯烃、多核芳烃）的混合物，含氧化合物，各种氯代有机物、溴代有机物等类型的化合物为代表，考察了化合物结构对气相色谱-微波等离子体发射光谱(GC-MIP)的碳、氢、氯、溴等元素响应值的影响以及微波输入功率对元素响应值的影响。     

气相色谱-微波等离子体发射光谱研究Ⅱ颍．元素响应值与化合物结构的关系

 ]微波诱导等离子体发射光谱(MIP-AES)是一种气相色谱可进行多元素同时检测的选择性检测器。本文以烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃、多核芳烃、醇等同系物系列，含有饱和烃和不饱和烃（烷烃、烯烃、多核芳烃）的混合物，含氧化合物，各种氯代有机物、溴代有机物等类型的化合物为代表，考察了化合物结构对气相色谱-微波等离子体发射光谱(GC-MIP)的碳、氢、氯、溴等元素响应值的影响以及微波输入功率对元素响应值的影响。     

气相色谱-原子发射光谱和溴加成法联合测定含烯烃汽油中的烯烃单体Ⅰ. 汽油中烯烃保留值的研究

 通过对含烯烃汽油进行溴加成反应，对汽油中烯烃的保留值进行了研究。对171个溴化产物溴代烃进行了定性,并给出了溴代烃所对应的171个烯烃的定性结果,其中对C7前的溴代烃及烯烃组分给出了结构式。定性手段主要依据汽油中混合纯烯烃样品溴化后的气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)数据和气相色谱-原子发射光谱(GC-AED)的元素比数据,确定溴代烃及其对应烯烃单体的分子式,然后利用已有的烯烃单体文献保留值数据、纯烯烃化合物的反应结果并结合碳数规律和沸点规律,确定了烯烃单体化合物的结构。该方法最大的优点是实现了选择性检测烯烃,从而排除了其他烃类化合物对烯烃测试的干扰,因此对于汽油中烯烃的分布有着更直观的反映。     

气相色谱-原子发射光谱和溴加成法联合测定含烯烃汽油中的烯烃单体Ⅰ. 汽油中烯烃保留值的研究

通过对含烯烃汽油进行溴加成反应,对汽油中烯烃的保留值进行了研究。对171个溴化产物溴代烃进行了定性,并给出了溴代烃所对应的171个烯烃的定性结果,其中对C7前的溴代烃及烯烃组分给出了结构式。定性手段主要依据汽油中混合纯烯烃样品溴化后的气相色谱 质谱联用(GC MS)数据和气相色谱 原子发射光谱(GC AED)的元素比数据,确定溴代烃及其对应烯烃单体的分子式,然后利用已有的烯烃单体文献保留值数据、纯烯烃化合物的反应结果并结合碳数规律和沸点规律,确定了烯烃单体化合物的结构。该方法最大的优点是实现了选择性检测烯烃,从而排除了其他烃类化合物对烯烃测试的干扰,因此对于汽油中烯烃的分布有着更直观的反映。     

浮选药剂中典型污染物PASH 的GC-MS检出

有机含硫芳香化合物(PASH)性质稳定,不宜降解,毒性极强,且比多环芳烃和含氮杂环化合物更具致癌性[1,2].PASH包括含芳基的硫醇、硫醚、二硫代物噻吩及其同系物,还有苯并噻吩类、二苯并噻吩类.     

含烯烃配体的过渡金属卡宾配合物的研究X: 从1,5-环辛二烯三羰基铁配合物合成新奇的η^6-芳烃二羰基铁配合物

研究了以含环状非共轭双烯配体的1,5-环辛二烯三羰基铁为原料,与芳基锂反应,用Et3OBF4烷基化,以进一步研究不同环烯烃配体在卡宾配合物中的异构化行为和对反应产物的影响,用元素分析,红外光谱,核磁共振氢谱,质谱确定了八个新化合物的结构.用X-射线结构测定进一步证实了9-(η^6-芳烃二羰基铁)-9-三甲基硅氧基双环[4.2.1]壬-2-烯的分子结构.     

苯、甲苯与某些极性溶剂在293.15 K的过量体积

某些极性有机溶剂与烯烃、芳烃的特殊相互作用,是这些极性溶剂能够将烯烃、芳烃自烷烃中分离的基础。其分离的选择性决定于这种特殊相互作用。 L.J.Andrews认为腈类化合物、酮类化合物能与苯或苯的甲基衍生物生成电荷转移络合物,如苯与四氰基乙烯的络合物。R.F.Weimer和J.M.Prausnitz用紫外分光光度法测定过对-二甲苯与丙腈、丙酮、N-甲基吡咯烷酮等物的分子络合常数。我们也用分光光度法测定过某些芳烃与N-甲基吡咯烷酮的分子络合常数。     

分子结构参数对保留值规律式中参数a,b和c的影响及保留值预测的研究

本文从理论上研究了分子结构参数对保留值变化规律式中参数a,b和c的影响,并用实验结果初步验证了理论推测.提出了参数a,b和c与分子结构参数van derWaals体积V_w、偶极矩μ_A和氢键作用能X_(AH)的定量关系;指出只有结构相关的化合物才有严格的参数a和c间的线性关系.在此基础上研究了非极性化合物、同系物和极性混合物在冲洗剂宽浓度范围内预测保留值的可行性.     

Realisation d'un dispositif experimental pour le dosage des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques par spectrofluorimetrie shpol'skii a 10 K

(An experimental device for determination of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons by Shpol'skii spectrofluorimetry at 10 K.)An experimental device is described comprising a triple-stage cell and a fast heat excharger, so as to optimise the spectrofluorimetric determination of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in polycrystalline octane matrices at 10 K. The temperature difference between the two end compartments of the cell, 0.8 K, is not sufficient to change the Shpol'skii spectra. The fast heat exchanger allows quick crystallisation and reheating of the samples. This device is used for the identification and determination of the limits of detection for ten such compounds, including the compounds defined by the European Economic Community for drinking water standards. An example of direct assay for each substance in a mixture is given.     

Reactive matrix clean-up of naturally occurring perylene in young lignite

Young lignite from two locations in Sendai City, Japan, were analyzed for polynuclear aromatic compounds (PACs). Lignite samples were extracted with toluene and PACs were isolated by a compound-class-selective, reactive matrix clean-up. This clean-up separates all compounds of polynuclear aromatic structure, for example hydrocarbons and ketones and their primary metabolites, from interfering organic compounds. The result of this isolation procedure is, therefore, a group of a large number of polycyclic compounds with different functional groups. Further analysis is done by glass capillary gas chromatography. Perylene was identified as the only compound obtained by the reactive matrix clean-up of lignite samples from both locations. Concentrations were in the range of 1–10 mg kg⁻¹. Conversely, PACs resulting from particulate emissions from fossil fuel combustion always contain isomeric PAHs (polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) with some polycyclic aromatic ketones and thousands of primary and secondary metabolites at very low concentrations. This was demonstrated for a sample of urban air particulate matter, which is the source of PAC contamination of surface soil. The absence of accompanying PAHs and polynuclear aromatic ketones in the lignite samples confirms that perylene did not originate from a combustion process. It is assumed that the high concentrations of perylene are the result of a reduction of perylene quinone. Thus, the high perylene content of the lignite samples investigated is of biogenic origin.     

Comprehensive analytical figures of merit for fluorimetry of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons

The analytical figures of merit for fluorescence of sixty polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons are presented. The limits of detection for most of the compounds are below 50 ng ml^-1 and the average relative standard deviation at 1 μg ml^-1 for each compound is 1.4%. The fluorescence excitation and emission peak wavelengths are listed. These results confirm the excellent detection limits and precision offered by this technique for quantification of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons.     

Preparation, mesomorphic properties and behaviour of 4,4'-biphenylenedibenzoates as stationary phases in gas chromatography

This paper describes the preparation, mesomorphic properties and behaviour as stationary phases of a series of biphenylenedibenzoates. These compounds exhibit broad mesomorphic ranges with high solid-crystal-liquid-crystal transition temperatures, and give relatively short retention times in the determination of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. The chromatographic selectivity for linear and planar structures is confirmed.     

Chromatographic Properties of Monolithic Silica Capillary Columns for Polar and Nonpolar Compounds in Reversed-Phase HPLC

Retention properties of monolithic silica C₁₈ columns were examined for polar and nonpolar compounds. Monolithic silica columns were prepared from two kinds of starting materials, tetramethoxysilane (abbreviated as TMOS) or a mixture of TMOS and methyltrimethoxysilane (abbreviated as Hybrid), and modified with dimethyloctadecylchlorosilane (C₁₈). Retention factors of various compounds on Hybrid-C₁₈ are about twice as much as that on TMOS-C₁₈. The two types of columns showed very similar retention selectivity with few exceptions. TMOS-C₁₈ showed slight preference toward planar polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) compared to bulky aromatic hydrocarbons, while Hybrid-C₁₈ showed opposite tendency. Some TMOS-C₁₈ columns showed peak tailing for PAHs, and also for basic compounds in an acidic mobile phase, while Hybrid-C₁₈ and majority of TMOS-C₁₈ columns resulted in good peak shape for these compounds.     

Analysis for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in working atmospheres by computerized gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in particulate matter from working atmospheres have been analyzed by a glass capillary gas chromatography—mass spectrometer—computer system which has high separation efficiency and is capable of separating and identifying these complex mixtures. More than one hundred polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons have been identified in samples from a coke plant and an aluminum smelter, including both pure polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and compounds where a CH-group is substituted with the hetero atoms oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur. The occurrence of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in working atmospheres is compared to that in ambient air and emissions from other sources.     

Use of gas-liquid and thin-layer chromatography in characterising air pollutants by fluorometry

Relatively large amounts of alkylated derivatives of the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons are present in some urban atmospheres. These compounds are believed to be derived from industrial sources. Because alkylation of the tetracyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can confer carcinogenic activity on the derivatives, the presence of substantial amounts of these alkylated compounds in the air needs thorough study. The R(F) value and the retention time, by themselves, are inadequate for characterisation of the polynuclear compounds. Gasliquid chromatography followed by fluorometric examination of the eluent bands, and mixed-adsorbent two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography followed by direct fluorometric examination are very useful in characterising all types of organic compound in the organic fractions of airborne particulates and effluents from air pollution sources.     

Determination of total biodiesel fatty acid methyl, ethyl esters, and hydrocarbon types in diesel fuels by supercritical fluid chromatography-flame ionization detection

A method for determining total biodiesel methyl and ethyl ester content in diesel fuels by supercritical fluid chromatography-flame ionization detection (SFC-FID) is developed. A silica column typically used for determining aromatics in conventional diesel fuels by ASTM D5186 is back-flushed after separation of the hydrocarbons to allow elution of the various esters as a single "total biodiesel" distinct peak. The modification concurrently allows the determination of total aromatic hydrocarbons and their distribution as mono- and polynuclear compounds, as described in the current version of D5186. The instrument response is linear from 1.0% to 50% biodiesel esters with a signal-to-noise ratio of 25 at the 0.1% level. The short-term relative standard is 0.8%. Normalized percent quantitation using a hydrocarbon response factor of 1.00 and an ester response factor of 1.19 provide an average percentage error of 1.8% when measuring actual biodiesel/hydrocarbon fuel blends. The ester response factor is the average of the response factors of 10 pure ester compounds. These responses are calculated from respective solutions of each ester and the four compounds, hexadecane, toluene, tetralin, and naphthalene, as used for the D5186 response factor mixture.     

Heavy-atom enhancement and analytical figures of merit for low-temperature phosphorimetry in the red region for several polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons

Analytical figures of merit for the low-temperature (77 K) phosphorescence of 22 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons are presented. Also, heavy-atom enhancement factors have been obtained for these compounds with an n-heptane solvent with iodoethane and dimethylmercury as sources of external heavy atoms, and with a 3:1 v/v ethanol/water solvent with potassium iodide, silver nitrate, thallium acetate, and lead acetate as heavy-atom sources. Effects of these heavy atoms on the phosphorescence signals vary markedly, depending on the compound of interest.     

Liquid chromatographic method with fluorescence detection for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental samples

A method for the determination of some polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water samples and air filters is presented. Samples were extracted with light petroleum-diethyl ether (85 + 15) and the extracts were concentrated before analysis. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection was applied to separate and determine the PAHs. Recoveries of individual PAHs from spiked water samples were 0.16–0.27 ng ml^?1. Detection limits in the picogram range were obtained for each compound.