北京城区污染过程气溶胶光学特性观测分析

基于激光雷达连续观测数据反演得到的多种气溶胶光学参数,包括气溶胶后向散射系数(355/532/1064nm)、消光系数(532/607nm)、退偏比(532p/532s)、激光雷达比(532nm)及波长指数(355/532nm和532/1064nm),分析了2019年10月北京城区三种不同污染事件(空气污染/污染沙尘/纯沙尘)的气溶胶光学特性。结果表明,空气污染气溶胶退偏比(波长指数)为0.10±0.02(1.2±0.19),激光雷达比(43±7sr)相比典型城市污染气溶胶偏低,可能与硝酸盐等水溶性气溶胶吸湿增长或二次有机气溶胶的生成有关;污染沙尘退偏比(波长指数)为0.19±0.03(1.0±0.35),激光雷达比为51±7sr;纯沙尘相比前者退偏比(0.25±0.03)较大,波长指数(0.11±0.44)较小,激光雷达比为40±4sr。     

探测对流层气溶胶的双波长米氏散射激光雷达

研制了一台双波长米氏散射激光雷达,用于532nm和1064nm两个波长对流层气深胶消光系数垂直廓线的长期探测.介绍了该激光雷达的技术参数和总体结构,叙述了各部分的结构和工作原理,给出了合肥地区对流层气溶胶测量的若干典型结果.     

机载激光雷达沙尘探测能量优化配置的统计研究

依据美国ANSI标准,结合1999~2004年间地基激光雷达探测的合肥地区沙尘暴消光廓线,统计分析了机载大气探测激光雷达探测沙尘时偏振532 nm垂直通道和1064 nm通道所需的最小激光能量,模拟计算了机载大气探测激光雷达探测沙尘暴时在0~12km高度范围内不同激光束发散角和激光脉冲能量比例的532 nm和1064 nm激光脉冲眼睛安全最大阈值能量。以合肥地区沙尘暴消光特性的统计结果、地面人眼安全标准和两个"瓶颈"通道的探测能力为依据提出两种激光脉冲能量配置方案。     

光学器件性能参数对激光雷达探测气溶胶和云退偏比的影响

二向色镜及偏振分光棱镜作为常用的光学器件，近年来在大气探测偏振激光雷达中得到了广泛使用。但两种光学元件性能上的非理想特性与安装时存在的偏振误差夹角等问题在一定程度上会对大气探测后向散射光的退偏比造成影响。针对偏振激光雷达标定中通常只考虑偏振分光棱镜影响的问题，通过仿真模拟分别分析了二向色镜、偏振分光棱镜以及二者级联下对大气中气溶胶的退偏比影响，并给出了误差分析。以532 nm和1064 nm两种波长下的沙尘粒子与卷云的后向散射光作为输入进行模拟计算，结果显示，常用的长波通二向色镜对模拟输入光源在1064 nm透射通道下有7.111%的退偏比变化，在532 nm反射通道下有3.012%的退偏比变化。对偏振分光棱镜而言，输入为532 nm及1064 nm处探测的沙尘粒子退偏比会分别产生21.333%和27.3%的相对误差变化，532 nm处探测的卷云退偏比会产生14.2%的相对误差变化。两种光学元件在存在偏振误差夹角时均会带来额外的退偏比误差增量，在两种光学元件级联条件下，对模拟光源的退偏比也表现出累加性的误差增大。     

全天时紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达系统EI北大核心CSCD

紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达是一种探测大气温度廓线的有效工具。目前,紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达通常采用355nm波长的光,然而白天太阳背景光辐射会影响雷达系统的信噪比(SNR),进而制约温度探测的距离和精度。针对大气温度的全天时探测,提出了基于法布里-珀罗标准具的266nm紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达系统。由于到达地面的太阳背景光辐射不包含266nm波长的光,只需考虑臭氧对266nm波长光吸收的影响,进而实现全天时大气温度的探测。基于脉冲能量、望远镜直径、望远镜接收视场角、臭氧浓度以及太阳背景光强度等主要影响参数,对266nm和355nm两个波长紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达系统的谱宽、透过率、回波信号SNR以及温度偏差参数进行数值仿真和对比分析。结果表明,大气分子和气溶胶散射对266nm波长光的影响远大于对355nm波长光的影响。白天266nm紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达系统的有效探测距离为4km左右,比355nm紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达系统的有效探测距离远2.9km;夜间266nm紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达系统有效探测距离为6km。探测距离小于5km时,白天266nm紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达的探测温度偏差比355nm紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达的探测温度偏差小10K。266nm紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达可实现全天时大气温度的探测。     

车载式1 064 nm和532 nm双波长米散射激光雷达

 新近研制的车载式双波长米散射激光雷达可用于1 064 nm 和532 nm两个波长对白天与夜晚对流层气溶胶消光系数垂直分布进行的探测。该激光雷达由激光发射单元、接收光学和后继光学单元、信号探测和采集单元以及系统运行控制单元组成,后继光路之间采用光纤导光、高低层分层探测等关键技术。该激光雷达使用1 064 nm和532 nm的两个波长,其单发脉冲能量分别为400和300 mJ,重复频率都为20 Hz,光束发散角小于0.5 mrad ;望远镜接收视场为1～3 mrad,滤光片的中心波长为1 064 nm和532 nm,带宽1 nm。分别使用R3236及H7680的PMT和VT120及Phillips777的放大器对两个波长的信号进行探测;对532 nm波长用3 A/D采集卡、1 064 nm波长用了光子计数卡。给出了双波长测量对流层气溶胶消光系数垂直分布的结果,该激光雷达可以探测10 ^-5～1之间的消光系数,探测高度可达10 km以上。     

全天时紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达系统

紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达是一种探测大气温度廓线的有效工具。目前,紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达通常采用355nm波长的光,然而白天太阳背景光辐射会影响雷达系统的信噪比(SNR),进而制约温度探测的距离和精度。针对大气温度的全天时探测,提出了基于法布里-珀罗标准具的266nm紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达系统。由于到达地面的太阳背景光辐射不包含266nm波长的光,只需考虑臭氧对266nm波长光吸收的影响,进而实现全天时大气温度的探测。基于脉冲能量、望远镜直径、望远镜接收视场角、臭氧浓度以及太阳背景光强度等主要影响参数,对266nm和355nm两个波长紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达系统的谱宽、透过率、回波信号SNR以及温度偏差参数进行数值仿真和对比分析。结果表明,大气分子和气溶胶散射对266nm波长光的影响远大于对355nm波长光的影响。白天266nm紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达系统的有效探测距离为4km左右,比355nm紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达系统的有效探测距离远2.9km;夜间266nm紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达系统有效探测距离为6km。探测距离小于5km时,白天266nm紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达的探测温度偏差比355nm紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达的探测温度偏差小10K。266nm紫外高光谱瑞利测温激光雷达可实现全天时大气温度的探测。     

双波长米散射激光雷达探测对流层气溶胶消光特性

新近研制了一台基于532和1 064 nm的双波长米散射激光雷达(dual-wavelength lidar,简称DWL),用于探测对流层大气气溶胶可见和红外波段的消光特性及其时空分布,同时用于粒子尺度谱垂直分布特征的研究。系统采用4个通道分别用于接收对流层下部和中上部532及1 064 nm的大气回波信号,有效地缩短了获取大气信息的时间。采用窄带滤光片,并借助光阑,将接收的激光大气回波信号谱线(米散射和瑞利散射光谱)从天空太阳背景噪声中分离,提高系统的白天探测能力。叙述了雷达系统的总体结构和技术参数以及数据处理方法。利用该雷达对合肥地区(117.16°E, 31.90°N)上空的气溶胶进行了探测。给出了对流层大气气溶胶532及1 064 nm消光系数的垂直廓线及其时空分布典型探测结果。分析了气溶胶波长依赖指数的空间垂直分布。讨论了对流层大气气溶胶光学厚度月变化。观测和分析结果表明,双波长具备昼夜连续观测对流层大气气溶胶的能力,可以很好的反映气溶胶粒子的时间和空间分布特征。     

基于粒子谱的多波长激光雷达近场大气光学参数校正方法

非同轴激光雷达由于存在发射激光与接收望远镜之间的不完全重叠区, 造成近场回波信号与真实大气信号不一致. 对于多波长激光雷达, 这种不一致更为突出和复杂. 然而, 近场大气是人类活动最集中的区域, 因此对多波长激光雷达近场信号进行校正, 对于了解和探究边界层大气具有十分重要的意义. 提出了一种利用粒子谱仪测量近地层气溶胶尺度谱分布并运用Mie 散射理论和低层大气指数衰减规律, 进而直接校正多波长激光雷达消光系数廓线近场信号的新方法. 通过对晴天、多云天气和雾天多波长气溶胶消光系数廓线近场信号的校正, 证明了该方法的可行性和实用性. 该方法着重考虑了多波长激光雷达比的波长依赖性和气溶胶粒子谱分布的天气相关性, 将该方法用于近地层大气消光系数廓线校正, 减少了由于不考虑这两个因素带来的消光系数廓线反演和校正的不确定性. 该方法对于研究不同天气情况下边界层内的大气气溶胶物理、光学特性具有一定的实用价值和借鉴意义.     

双视场米散射激光雷达探测对流层气溶胶

介绍了自行研制的用来探测对流层大气气溶胶消光特性的双视场米散射激光雷达.该激光雷达采用两个具有独立接收视场的探测通道分别接收高低层532 nm的大气回波信号,可以兼顾低层大视场角低探测盲区和高层小视场角高探测高度的要求.叙述了该雷达系统的总体结构和技术参量以及数据处理方法,给出了合肥地区(东经117.16°,北纬31.90°)大气气溶胶消光系数廓线和对流层光学厚度的探测结果.测量结果表明,该雷达具备昼夜连续观测对流层大气气溶胶的能力,可以很好地反映气溶胶粒子的时间和空间分布特征.     

Particle Size Distributions Based on a Multipopulation Genetic Algorithm Used in Multiwavelength Lidar

Aerosols influence the radiation budget of the Earth’s atmospheric system. Aerosol particle size distribution is one of the major parameters used for characterizing aerosol influence on radiative forcing. The optical and microphysical properties of aerosol particles over Yinchuan, China, were measured with a multiwavelength lidar developed at Beifang University of Nationalities using backscatter and extinction coefficients at wavelengths of 1064, 532, and 355 nm. These data were used to retrieve particle size distributions. Given the disadvantages of the traditional regularization method, the innovative multipopulation genetic algorithm (MPGA) was used to retrieve the particle size distribution from the lidar data. To verify the feasibility of using the MPGA on multiwavelength lidar data, experiments were carried out under different atmospheric conditions, including a background sunny day, a cloudy day, and a foggy day. The particle size distributions obtained from the multiwavelength lidar data were compared with results retrieved from direct irradiance data from a sun photometer. Results showed that the MPGA is suitable for retrieving particle size distributions from multiwavelength lidar data.     

南京地区低空雾霾气溶胶的拉曼-瑞利-米激光雷达测量

利用拉曼-瑞利-米激光雷达对南京北郊雾霾气溶胶进行观测和分析,并和气象预报相比对。2009年12月2日进行了长时间连续的观测实验,分析比较2009年12月2日观测的雾霾激光雷达距离矫正信号和2011年1月10日南京北郊晴空大气边界层气溶胶激光雷达距离矫正信号的区别和特征。实验结果表明:2009年12月2日10:00至19:00观测出现雾霾,激光雷达观测到雾霾出现的时间段和当天南京气象预报相吻合;南京北郊雾霾出现在低空300 m左右,厚度大约为700 m,大气边界层气溶胶出现的高度为1 000 m左右,厚度大约为1 500 m。     

多波段激光雷达颗粒物质量浓度探测方法

为了获得大气颗粒物的质量浓度廓线,提出一种基于多波段激光雷达回波信号的大气气溶胶消光系数与颗粒物质量消光效率相结合的新型算法。该方法利用覆盖紫外到近红外波段的激光雷达作为遥感探测工具,获取气溶胶的消光与后向散射系数,反演得到气溶胶粒子谱分布;同时,根据米散射理论算出气溶胶消光效率,结合粒子谱分布,提出颗粒物质量消光效率模型,从而建立基于消光系数与质量消光效率相结合的反演颗粒物质量浓度的新型数学模型与算法。采用该算法对两组不同天气条件多波段激光雷达实测数据进行反演,并与地表采用的颗粒物浓度对比,证明该方法的可行性,为实现颗粒物质量浓度空间分布的探测提供科学依据和方法论。     

银川上空大气气溶胶光学特性激光雷达探测研究

小型米散射激光雷达是广泛使用的探测大气气溶胶光学特性的有效工具。作者研制了一台小型米散射激光雷达,并利用该激光雷达于2009年4月1日至4月10日期间对宁夏银川地区(北纬38°29′, 东经106°06′)上空的大气气溶胶光学特性以及时空分布进行了观测。系统选用532 nm波长激光作为光源,采用Fernald法对接收到的大气回波信号进行反演,得到了气溶胶消光系数的高度分布廓线及24 h内气溶胶消光系数相对浓度的时空变化特性;并对期间一次明显的沙尘天气进行了观测和分析。观测结果表明,该小型米散射激光雷达能够对大气气溶胶及其时空分布情况进行有效、连续的观测,其观测结果有利于分析该地区气溶胶及沙尘天气的变化趋势。     

Suggestion for qualitative lidar identification of different types of aerosol using the two-wavelength rotational Raman and elastic lidar

Aerosols are important parameters in the meteorological and environmental fields, and remote aerosol identification is extremely desirable. We have proposed and designed a two-wavelength (355 and 532 nm) rotational Raman and elastic lidar that can measure the wavelength dependence of the aerosol backscattering coefficient without any assumptions about the Angstr?m coefficient or the overlapping function from low (100 m) to high (10 km) altitude, depending on the weather conditions. We have measured the differences in the backscattering ratios (BRs) among a cloud, aerosol in the boundary layer, and Asian dust. The ratio of the aerosol backscattering coefficients between two wavelengths is a fingerprint of an aerosol, which is similar to the Angstr?m coefficient. The BR value for a typical aerosol ranged from 0.56 to 0.4 in the boundary layer and from 0.5 to 0.1 for Asian dust. The BR value of water droplet was not unique but was spread over a wide range because of its size distributions.     

Wind measurements with incoherent Doppler lidar based on iodine filters at night and day

An incoherent Doppler wind lidar based on the iodine filter at 532 nm is presented for day and night wind measurements, which was developed by the Key Laboratory of Ocean Remote Sensing of Ministry of Education of China, Ocean University of China. The system operates with a fiber and a narrow-band interference filter to reject daylight. A photon counter is used to improve the detection range. Two iodine filters are used to lock the transmitting laser frequency and to discriminate the Doppler frequency shift, respectively. The method to retrieve the wind profile is described. The detection range of wind profiles (with a 136 m vertical resolution) extends from 100 m to 15 km at night and to 12 km during daytime. The detection range covers the troposphere in the middle and high latitude areas. The comparison experiments between the lidar and radiosonde were performed both during the night and during the day. The standard deviation of the wind direction and speed were 15.5° and 3.1 m/s at night and 15.7° and of 3.2 m/s during the day. This system also has the capability to measure the aerosol backscattering ratio. PACS 42.68.Wt; 92.60.Gn; 92.60.Mt     

Mie-Rayleigh Doppler Wind Lidar with Two Double-edge Interferometers

The Mie-Rayleigh direct detection Doppler lidar (DDDL) with two double-edge etalons is presented. Fabry-Perot (F-P) etalon is used as the spectral analyzer for Doppler measurement formthe aerosol and molecule backscattered signals. The aerosol and molecular backscattering signals are separated by a polarization isolator with less signal decrement, so this system has about same accuracy as individual Rayleigh Doppler lidar or Mie Doppler lidar system. The simulation on a proposed ground-based DDDL at 532 nm shows that the velocity error is less than 2 m/s below 8 km for a 100 m vertical resolution by Mie channel and 2m/s up to 20 km by Rayleigh channel, respectively.     

水云增长过程中的云滴谱及散射特性分析

基于大气物理学研究了水云云滴增长过程中的粒谱及散射特性.研究结果表明,凝结增长使粒谱半高宽和有效半径不断增加,碰并增长使粒谱出现多峰分布,有效半径增加.在凝结增长和碰并增长共同作用下,有效半径的平均增长速率为8 nm/s.凝结增长和碰并增长单独作用下,消光系数和散射系数随时间呈线性变化.在二者共同作用下,除3.2 mm波长外,消光系数和散射系数随时间呈指数增长;1.064, 2.2, 3.7, 12和22μm波长的不对称因子逐渐趋于稳定,200μm的不对称因子呈指数增长,3.2 mm的不对称因子基本保持不变;1.064和2.2μm波长的雷达比在20 sr附近波动,3.7μm波长的雷达比呈大幅振荡.云滴增长过程中,水云在1.064, 2.2和3.7μm波长的单次散射反照率逐渐降低,在12μm, 22μm, 200μm和3.2 mm波长的单次散射反照率逐渐增加,波长指数的绝对值逐渐减小.研究结果可为天气预报、地气辐射平衡研究和遥感数据校正提供重要的参考.     

Algorithms to retrieve optical properties of three component aerosols from two-wavelength backscatter and one-wavelength polarization lidar measurements considering nonsphericity of dust

We developed backward and forward types of algorithms for estimating the vertical profiles of extinction coefficients at 532 nm for three component aerosols (water-soluble, dust, and sea salt) using three-channel Mie-scattering lidar data of the backscatter (β) at 532 and 1064 nm and the depolarization ratio (δ) at 532 nm. While the water-soluble and sea-salt particles were reasonably assumed to be spherical, the dust particles were treated as randomly oriented spheroids to account for their nonsphericity. The introduction of spheroid models enabled us to more effectively use the three-channel data (i.e., 2β+1δ data) and to reduce the uncertainties caused by the assumption of spherical dust particles in our previously developed algorithms. We also performed an extensive sensitivity study to estimate retrieval errors, which showed that the errors in the extinction coefficient for each aerosol component were smaller than 30% (60%) for the backward (forward) algorithm when the measurement errors were ±5%. We demonstrated the ability of the algorithms to partition aerosol layers consisting of three aerosol components by applying them to shipborne lidar data. Comparisons with sky radiometer measurements revealed that the retrieved optical thickness and angstrom exponent of aerosols using the algorithms developed in this paper agreed well with the sky radiometer measurements (within 6%).     

CALIPSO validation using ground-based lidar in Hefei (31.9°N, 117.2°E), China

Validation measurement in collaboration with existing lidar sites is a very important part of CALIPSO validation program, lidar site in Hefei is invited to collaborate in the CALIPSO validation program. In this paper, ground-based lidar measurements in Hefei performed in coincidence with CALIPSO overpass are presented, attenuated backscatter profiles at 532 nm and 1064 nm, as well as volume depolarization ratio profile at 532 nm measured by CALIPSO are compared with the ones measured by ground-based lidar. The comparisons indicate that CALIPSO measurements are consistent with the ground-based lidar measurements. However, due to the fact that horizontal distributions of aerosols in the lower troposphere and clouds are in most cases inhomogeneous, there are some differences between two lidar measurements in the boundary layer and clouds. The aerosol layer below the semi-transparent thick cloud can be detected by the 532 nm channel of CALIPSO in daytime.