On the algorithm of the solution of the signorini problem

An algorithm is proposed for solving the Signorini problem /1/ in the formulation of a unilateral variational problem for the boundary functional in the zone of possible contact /2/. The algorithm is based on a dual formulation of Lagrange maximin problems for whose solution a decomposition approach is used in the following sense: a Ritz process in the basis functions that satisfy the linear constraint of the problem, the differential equation in the domain, is used in solving the minimum problem (with fixed Lagrange multipliers); the maximum problem is solved by the method of descent (a generalization of the Frank-Wolf method) under convexity constraints on the Lagrange multipliers. The algorithm constructed can be conisidered as a modification of the well-known algorithm to find the Udzawa-Arrow-Hurwitz saddle points /3, 4/. The convergence of the algorithm is investigated. A numerical analysis of the algorithm is performed in the example of a classical contact problem about the insertion of a stamp in an elastic half-plane under approximation of the contact boundary by isoparametric boundary elements. The comparative efficiency of the algorithm is associated with the reduction in the dimensionality of the boundary value problem being solved and the possibility of utilizing the calculation apparatus of the method of boundary elements to realize the solution.     

Time-convexity of the entropy in the multiphasic formulation of the incompressible Euler equation

We study the multiphasic formulation of the incompressible Euler equation introduced by Brenier: infinitely many phases evolve according to the compressible Euler equation and are coupled through a global incompressibility constraint. In a convex domain, we are able to prove that the entropy, when averaged over all phases, is a convex function of time, a result that was conjectured by Brenier. The novelty in our approach consists in introducing a time-discretization that allows us to import a flow interchange inequality previously used by Matthes, McCann and Savaré to study first order in time PDE, namely the JKO scheme associated with non-linear parabolic equations.     

Examples of the influence of the geometry on the propagation of progressive waves

In this paper, we give examples of the influence of the domain of propagation on progressive waves. More precisely, we numerically investigate the propagation of reaction diffusion waves in cylinders with variable radius. We show that, when the radius rapidly expands from a very small radius to a larger one, depending on the viscosity and the nonlinearity, the travelling wave may be blocked. The aim of this paper is to give numerical illustrations and quantifications of this effect, and to propose some conjectures which could be interesting subjects for further mathematical investigations.This work is linked to the study of spreading depression (SD), a propagative mechanism in brain and various tissues which has been observed in vivo and in vitro in many species since their discovery in 1944 by Leao. As a matter of fact, their direct observation in Man is still controversial. The complex structure of gray and white matter in humans may block the propagation of SD over large distances in brain and thus explain the difficulty of observing it. Medical consequences of the current numerical studies are detailed in [M.A. Dronne, et al., Influence of brain geometry on spreading depressions: A computationnal study, Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 97 (1) (2008) 54–59] and a first mathematical approach given in [M.A. Dronne, E. Grenier, H. Gilquin, Modelization of spreading depressions following Nedergaard, preprint, 2003].     

关于我国体质指数BMI的分布研究

生活水平的提高,使肥胖症患的人数逐年增加。大量研究证明,肥胖是诱发高血压、冠心病、糖尿病、高脂血症等慢性病的一种主要危险因素,对肥胖症的预防是主要的。确定肥胖的一个简单而又有效的办法是利用世界卫生组织推荐的体质指数ＢＭＩ（Ｂｏｄｙ Ｍａｓｓ Ｉｎｄｅｘ）。本基于上海市延吉地区近万名３０岁以上成年人的调查结果,对体质指数的分布进行了研究,并利用被污染的正态分布族模型对其进行了拟合。     

On the determination of the control parameters of the optimal can-order policy

This paper considers the well-known class of can-order policies. This type of coordinated replenishment policies accounts for a joint set-up cost structure, where a major set-up cost is incurred for any order and an individual minor set-up cost is charged for each item in the replenishment. Recent comparative studies have pointed out that the performance of the optimal can-order policy is poor, compared to other coordinated replenishment strategies, when the major set-up cost is high. This paper shows that it is the approximate decomposition method to calculate the optimal canorder parameters which performs bad in such situations and not the policy itself. Attention is focused to a subclass of can-order policies, which is close to the optimal can-order policy for high major set-up costs. A solution procedure is developed to calculate the optimal control parameters of this policy. It is shown that a properly chosen combination of the solution procedures to calculate can-order parameters leads to a can-order strategy which performs as well as other coordinated replenishment policies.     

Aftermath of the Chernobyl Catastrophe from the Point of View of the Security Concept

The paper deals with uncertainty relations for time and energy operators, and the aftermath of the Chernobyl catastrophe is considered as an example. The mathematical approach developed by Holevo is analyzed, which allows us to assign the corresponding observables to non-self-adjoint operators and to establish uncertainty relations for nonstandard canonical conjugate pairs.

Relations for calculating the minimal time interval in which the energy jump can be discovered are given. Based on the intensity parameter introduced by the author, which is related to a special statistics called Gentile statistics and to the polylogarithm function, properties of stable chemical elements, such as time fluctuations and the jump of specific energy in the transition from the Bose—Einstein distribution to the Fermi—Dirac distribution, are mathematically described with regard to experimental data. The obtained data are arranged in a table for 255 stable chemical elements.

The mathematical approach developed by the author of the present paper allows one to describe the “antipode” (in a certain sense) of the standard thermodynamics, i.e., the thermodynamics of nuclear matter. This field of nuclear physics is very important for the study of properties of radioactive elements and, accordingly, from the standpoint of ensuring nuclear safety.

     

A Synthesis of the Control of Dynamical Systems on the Basis of the Method of Lyapunov Functions

We consider the problem of the synthesis of a bounded control reducing a dynamical system to the given terminal state in a finite time. Two approaches to solve the problem, based on methods of the theory of stability of motion, are provided. One of them is applicable to nonlinear Lagrange mechanical systems with undetermined parameters, while another is applicable to linear systems. The characteristic property is that the Lyapunov functions are defined implicitly in both cases. We make a comparison between these approaches.     

Hume, the Occult, and the Substance of the School

I have not been able to locate any critique of Hume on substance by a Schoolman, at least in English, dating from Hume's period or shortly thereafter. I have, therefore, constructed my own critique as an exercise in ??post facto history??. This is what a late eighteenth-century/early nineteenth-century Scholastic could, would, and should have said in response to Hume's attack on substance should they have been minded to do so. That no one did is somewhat mysterious. My critique is precisely in the language of the period, using solely the conceptual resources available to a Schoolman at that time. The arguments, however, are as sound now as they were then, and in this sense the paper performs a dual role??contributing to the defence of substance contra Hume, and filling, albeit two hundred?years or so too late, a gap in the historical record.     

The question of the realizability of the Landau scenario for the development of turbulence

We suggest a phenomenological model for the development of turbulence in the form of the nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation perturbed by nonconservative disturbances. Combining analytic and numerical methods, we establish that the transition to turbulence in this equation can follow both the Landau and the Landau-Sell scenarios. As is known, the first scenario is related to a cascade of bifurcations of stable invariant tori of increasing dimensions. The other scenario is related to a chaotic attractor whose Lyapunov dimension increases indefinitely under variation of a certain control parameter. __________ Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Matematicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 158, No. 2, pp. 292–311, February, 2009.     

Simulation of the effect of learning on the topology of the functional connectivity of neural networks

We introduce a procedure for simulating adaptive learning in neural networks and the effect this learning has on the way in which the functional connections between the nodes of the network are established. The procedure combines two mechanisms: firstly, the gradual dilution of the network through the elimination of synaptic weights in increasing order of magnitude, thus reducing the costs of the network structure. Secondly, to train the network as it is diluted so as not to compromise its performance pursuant to the proposed task. Considering different levels of learning difficulty, we compare the topology of the functional connectivities that result from the application of this procedure with those obtained using fMRI in healthy volunteers. According to our results, the topology of functional connectivities in healthy subjects can be interpreted as the product of a learning process with a specific degree of difficulty.     

On the degree of the inverse of an automorphism of the affine space

We study the degree of the inverse of an automorphism f of the affine n-space over a -algebra k, in terms of the degree d of f and of other data. For n = 1, we obtain a sharp upper bound for deg (f^{− 1}) in terms of d and of the nilpotency index of the ideal generated by the coefficients of f^′'. For n = 2 and arbitrary d≥ 3, we construct a (triangular) automorphism f of Jacobian one such that deg(f^{− 1}) > d. This answers a question of A. van den Essen (see [3]) and enables us to deduce that some schemes introduced by authors to study the Jacobian conjecture are not reduced. Still for n = 2, we give an upper bound for deg (f^{− 1}) when f is triangular. Finally, in the case d = 2 and any n, we complete a result of G. Meisters and C. Olech and use it to give the sharp bound for the degree of the inverse of a quadratic automorphism, with Jacobian one, of the affine 3-space.     

On the growth of the Betti sequence of the canonical module

We study the growth of the Betti sequence of the canonical module of a Cohen–Macaulay local ring. It is an open question whether this sequence grows exponentially whenever the ring is not Gorenstein. We answer the question of exponential growth affirmatively for a large class of rings, and prove that the growth is in general not extremal. As an application of growth, we give criteria for a Cohen–Macaulay ring possessing a canonical module to be Gorenstein. GJL was partly supported by a grant from the National Security Agency. An erratum to this article can be found at     

Analytical solutions in the problem of the optimal control of the rotation of an axisymmetric body

The problem of the optimal control of the rotation of an axisymmetric rigid body is investigated. An integral functional, characterizing the power consumption to carry out a manoeuvre is chosen as the criterion, and the boundary conditions for the angular velocity vector are arbitrary. The principal moment of the applied external forces serves as the control. The necessary conditions of the maximum principle are used to solve the problem in the case of a fixed completion time. New non-trivial first integrals are established for the canonical system of direct and conjugate differential equations obtained, which enable the set of all extremals to be parametrized. Hence, the optimal-control problem is reduced to a problem of non-linear mathematical programming. It is shown that there cannot be more than two different solutions in the latter, and a family of boundary conditions is established when the optimum rotation is determined in a uniquely explicit form.     

Computation of the second term of the series of the ray method in the dimension two and a half

An algorithm for computing the second term of the series of the ray method suggested in this paper is specified for the case of the dimension two and a half. By this is meant that the elastic paramenters of a medium depend on x, z only and the source and observation points are placed in a plane orthogonal to the y axis. Thus, to compute the wave field we need to take into account the rays which are placed in the plane indicated. This enables us to simplify the algorithm. We discuss the algorithm in detail for the case of a point source. Translated fromZapiski Nauchnykh Seminarov POMI, Vol. 210, 1994, pp 94–108 Translated by N. Ya. Kirpichnikova.     

On the solution of the Chapman-Kolmogorov integral equation in the form of a series

The Chapman-Kolmogorov nonlinear integral equation is of fundamental importance in the theory of Markov stochastic processes. The solution to this equation is the transition probability density. It is usually solved by means of reducing to a linear equation. In 1932, S.N. Bernshtein formulated the problem of whether this equation can be solved directly. In 1962, O.V. Sarmanov found such solutions in terms of a bilinear series for a stationary Markov process. In 2007, the author obtained several solutions in the form of integrals of the product of two kernels of known integral transforms. In this paper, without imposing Sarmanov’s constraints, we derive solutions in the form of a series whose terms contain the product of two orthogonal functions. The results are illustrated by examples in which the series converges to a simple function.     

Variational characterization of the uniqueness of the optimal state for the minimal-time problem

In this paper, we give a variational characterization of the uniqueness of the optimal state in a proper linear control process for the time-optimal problem; we extend to control processes with time-variable coefficients a characterization of normality given by Hajek in Ref. 1.This work was supported by CNR-GNAFA, Rome, Italy.     

Reversal of the reinforcing effect of fillers and the relation between the flexibility of the macromolecules and the mechanical properties of filled polymers

The author describes various effects which he has detected involving the reversal of the reinforcing action of fillers in polymers in different subregions of the glassy state. It is suggested that these effects can be explained in terms of, among other things, the flexibility of the macromolecules. The concept of an optimal flexibility at which the maximum value of a given mechanical property can be realized is introduced. It is shown that it is possible, in principle, to reinforce a polymer in any subregion of the glassy state and even below T_b, as well as to obtain equal-strength, equal-modulus, equally reinforced, etc., composites containing different (large and small) amounts of fillers and plasticizers.     

From the neutrino to the edge of the universe

Two recent findings necessitate a closer look at the existing standard models of particle physics and cosmology. These are the discovery of neutrino oscillation, and hence a non-zero mass on the one hand and, on the other, observations of distant supernovae which indicate that contrary to popular belief, the universe would continue to expand for ever, possibly accelerating in the process. In this paper it is pointed out that relatively recent studies which indicate a stochastic, quantum vacuum underpinning and a fractal structure for space time, reconcile both of the recent observations, harmoniously.     

Characterization of the speed of convergence of the trapezoidal rule

Summary Our aim is to determine the precise space of functions for which the trapezoidal rule converges with a prescribed rate as the number of nodes tends to infinity. Excluding or controlling odd functions in some way it is possible to establish a correspondence between the speed of convergence and regularity properties of the function to be integrated. In this way we characterize Sobolev spaces, certain spaces of infinitely differentiable functions, of functions holomorphic in a strip, of entire functions of order greater than 1 and of entire functions of exponential type by the speed of convergence.Dedicated to Professor G. Hämmerlin on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

考虑废旧品质量的闭环供应链混合回收渠道选择研究

为确定最优的回收渠道,对由单个制造商、零售商和第三方组成的闭环供应链系统进行研究。在该系统中,可能存在制造商和零售商、制造商和第三方、零售商和第三方以及制造商、零售商和第三方同时回收的四种渠道,并根据质量差异对废旧品进行翻新或再制造。在分散决策下建立了四种回收渠道模型。比较发现:站在制造商和系统收益最大化及社会效益角度,三渠道是最佳选择,此时得到的废旧品最多;制造商不进行回收时获利最低,且不利于提高废旧品的获取量。最后,通过算例剖析了废旧品再制造率对四种混合回收渠道下成员及系统利润的影响。结果表明:制造商应尽量将废旧品用于再制造。