MoSi2-Mo5Si3-Mo5SiB2/SiC配对副的摩擦磨损性能

MoSi₂-Mo₅Si₃-Mo₅SiB₂复合材料是一种很有发展前景的高温耐磨材料,但MoSi₂-Mo₅Si₃-Mo₅SiB₂/SiC配对副的干滑动摩擦磨损性能尚不清楚. 本文中通过销-盘式干滑动摩擦磨损试验,考察了MoSi₂-Mo₅Si₃-Mo₅SiB₂/SiC配对副在不同温度(25~1 000 ℃)和载荷下(2.5~10 N)的摩擦学特性. 结果表明:试验温度和载荷对MoSi₂-Mo₅Si₃-Mo₅SiB₂/SiC配对副的摩擦系数影响较大,而对其磨损率影响较小. 载荷为5 N时,在25~1 000 ℃区间,摩擦系数和磨损率分别在0.11~0.43和0.513×10-7~0.544×10-7 mm3/(N·m)范围;在25~400 ℃时,磨损机制以轻微的氧化和黏着磨损为主,在600~1 000 ℃磨损机制主要表现为严重的氧化和黏着磨损. 在1 000 ℃时,随着载荷(2.5~10 N)的增加,摩擦系数和磨损率分别为0.29~0.38和0.540×10-7~0.547×10-7 mm3/(N·m);载荷为2.5~10 N时,始终存在黏着和氧化磨损;载荷为7.5~10 N时,材料磨损表面还伴随碾压塑性变形的特征.      

Al0.2Co1.5CrFe1.2Ni1.5TiC0.4高熵合金的微观组织、力学与高温摩擦学性能

通过引入碳元素,设计了一种以原位形成的碳化物为增强相的高熵合金Al_(0.2)Co_(1.5)CrFe_(1.2)Ni_(1.5)TiC_(0.4),并采用放电等离子烧结(SPS)技术成功制备了这种高熵合金.采用XRD、SEM、EDS、万能材料试验机和高温摩擦磨损试验机等研究了微观组织、力学性能和室温至800℃下的摩擦学性能.结果表明:Al_(0.2)Co_(1.5)CrFe_(1.2)Ni_(1.5)TiC_(0.4)高熵合金由面心立方(FCC)结构的高熵固溶体基体相和弥散分布的TiC陶瓷相组成.FCC相使高熵合金具有良好的塑性和韧性,而TiC增强相赋予了高熵合金高的硬度和强度.随着温度的升高,高熵合金的摩擦系数和磨损率均具有逐渐减小的趋势.在800℃时,鉴于摩擦氧化作用,在磨损表面形成了致密的氧化物釉质层,起到了良好的减摩抗磨作用,使高熵合金表现出了优异的高温摩擦学性能.     

Exact solution of the non-linear differential equation RR̈ + 32R2 − AR−4 + B = 0

The non-linear equation $\text{R}\text{R}\text{?}\text{+}\text{3}\text{2}\text{R}{}^2\text{- AR}{}^{\mathrm{?4}}\text{+ B = 0}$ is shown to represent simply periodic motion with a minimum at R₁ and a maximum at R₁R₀ or a maximum at R₁ and a minimum at R₁R₀^?1. R₀ is a function of the ratio $\text{A}\text{B}$ and is greater than 1 for $\text{A}\text{B}$ > 1 and less than 1 for $\text{A}\text{B}$ > 1. The period of the motion satisfies the simple relation T(R₀^?1) = R₀^?1T(R₀). The exact solution to the above equation is represented in terms of elliptic integrals of the first and second kinds and a simple algebraic function.     

离子液体作为Si3N4-Ti3SiC2摩擦副润滑剂的摩擦学性能研究

采用SRV摩擦磨损试验机在室温及100 ℃下考察了两种离子液体（L-B106 和L-P106）、丙三醇、水作为Si₃N₄-Ti₃SiC₂摩擦副润滑剂的摩擦学行为,利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）及X光电子能谱（XPS）对磨损表面进行了分析.结果表明：室温、20 N条件下,两种离子液体和丙三醇抗磨和减摩性能相当,室温、100 ℃条件下,L-P106相较于L-B106具有更好的润滑性能,且其抗磨和减摩性能均优于丙三醇,作为Si₃N₄-Ti₃SiC₂摩擦副润滑剂具有在苛刻环境条件下使用的应用前景. XPS分析结果表明：Ti₃SiC₂材料在摩擦过程中在摩擦热作用下生成了SiO_x、TiO₂,进而有效提高了Ti₃SiC₂摩擦副材料的抗磨损性能;此外,离子液体中的活性元素在Si₃N₄-Ti₃SiC₂摩擦副表面发生了复杂的摩擦化学反应,生成了由氟化钛、磷酸钛及硼酸钛等组成的具有减摩和抗磨性能的边界润滑膜.     

Structure cellulaire de la détonation des mélanges H2–NO2/N2O4Cellular structure of the detonation of gaseous mixtures H2–NO2/N2O4

Calculations of the detonation reaction zone of gaseous reactive mixtures of NO₂/N₂O₄ as oxidizer and H₂, CH₄ or C₂H₆ as fuel, in the range of equivalence ratio Φ between 0.5 and 2, show that, for Φ?1, the chemical energy is released in two distinct and successive exothermic steps with different chemical induction times. The first exothermic stage is mainly due to the reaction NO₂+H→NO+OH, NO being the main oxidizer of the second one.The experimental study conducted on the same range of equivalence ratio (0.5?Φ?2) shows that, for Φ?1, the detonation wave of these mixtures contains a double set of cellular structures. A similar result had already been obtained with the detonation of gaseous Nitromethane, the NO₂ group being here included in the molecule. Consequently, the oxidizer NO₂ being either initially separated from the fuel or included inside the molecule of a monopropellant (Nitromethane) is responsible, because of its specific chemical kinetics, of a chemical energy release in two main steps and of the existence of a double cellular structure in the detonation wave for the same range of equivalence ratio. These results reinforce the assumption that the cellular structure of the detonation finds its origin in the strong rates of chemical energy release inside the reaction zone. To cite this article: F. Joubert et al., C. R. Mecanique 331 (2003).     

Measurement of the concentration diffusion coefficient for Ne-Ar, Ne-Xe, Ne-H2, Xe-H2, H2-N2 and H2-O2 gas systems

The concentration diffusion coefficient, D ₁₂, is measured for the equimolar mixtures of Ne-Ar, Ne-Xe, Ne-H₂, Xe-H₂, H₂-N₂ and H₂-O₂ binary gas systems in a two-bulb metal apparatus in the temperature range 0 C to 100 C. These values are compared with the existing data on these systems and with the predictions of the kinetic theory in conjunction with the modified Buckingham exp-six potential. Unlike the thermal diffusion coefficient, with the simple theory it is possible to predict D ₁₂ within a few percent even for systems involving polyatomic gases. The smoothed experimental D ₁₂ values are also used to obtain data for the coefficients of viscosity and thermal conductivity at round temperatures and compositions for these systems.Nomenclature C ₂ ^t relative amount of a gas in the mixture in the bulb 2 at an instant t - C ₂ relative amount of the same gas in the mixture in the bulb 2 at equilibrium - D ₁₂ diffusion coefficient - X ₁ mole-fraction of the heavier component in the mixture - _mix viscosity coefficient - _mix thermal conductivity coefficient     

Kinetics of ultrafine coating of SiO2 nanoparticles, suspended in non-thermal CH4/C2H6 plasma

Capacitively coupled RF discharges in methane and ethane (1000–3000 Pa, 5–15 W/cm³) were used for the in-flight coating of SiO₂ nanopowders (NP) with an a-C:H layer [A. Kouprine, F. Gitzhofer, M. Boulos, A. Fridman, Polymer-like C:H thin film coating of nanopowders in capacitively coupled RF discharge, Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing 24 (2) (2004) 189–215]. In this present work a model of the chemical kinetics of this plasma processing has been developed, based on the GRI-Mech 3.0 mechanism [G.P. Smith, D.M. Golden, M. Frenklach, Gas Research Institute, Detailed chemical reaction mechanism. Available from: ], and calculations are performed, using the Chemkin-II code. The model includes the formation of two solid phases: an amorphous C:H coating, deposited on the suspended NP, and soot, incepted in the gas phase. Non-equilibrium plasma effects are taken into account by the rates of radical species’ production, using the reference data on the “G-value”. The CH₃ and H species appear to have key roles in surface activation and the nanofilm growth. The results demonstrate the competitive character of the formation of the two solid phases: the C:H coating is dominant under T_gas < 1400–1600 K, depending on the conditions, and soot commencing to dominate at higher temperatures. This division corresponds to the passage from non-thermal plasma conditions, with the dominance of single-valent radicals and solid phase growth on the substrate only, to the plasma thermalisation with the formation of two-valent radicals and v. inception of the solid phase. The results are validated experimentally by the observation of soot formation as a function of the gas temperature, by the mass spectrograph data on the gas composition after plasma reforming, and by the reference data on coating growth rates and induction times for soot formation.     

Mo/Al2O3复合材料的耐磨性

无压烧结制备了不同组分的Mo/Al2O3复合材料样品,对样品的磨损行为和磨损机理进行了研究,并用电子探针分析了其磨损形貌.结果表明:Mo/Al2O3复合材料的磨损率随Mo含量的增加呈上升趋势,在30vol.%Mo时出现峰值;摩擦系数随着Mo含量的增加而增大,20vol.%Mo样品的摩擦系数较小;Mo含量不超过60%时,当出现Mo的连续相或者Al2O3的连续相时复合材料表现出较好的耐磨性;Mo含量较低时磨损机理表现为脆性脱落,而Mo含量较高时材料的磨损机理主要为磨粒磨损.     

W25Fe25Ni25Mo25高熵合金高速侵彻细观结构演化特性

为了探究W₂₅Fe₂₅Ni₂₅Mo₂₅高熵合金弹体在侵彻过程中宏观变形行为与材料微细观结构之间的联系, 基于对两相流动模型的简化, 建立了考虑软、硬相密度、流速以及浓度差异的等截面直管两相流动演化模型. 类比宏观状态下侵彻弹体头部材料的流入流出特性, 选定分析区域, 建立两相细观结构下材料在分析区域的流入流出关系, 再结合细观结构演化方程, 给出了分析区域中浓度演化结果, 提出了表征材料浓度演化速率的流动稳定系数t/l_length. 为了对比不同细观结构弹体的侵彻行为, 选取典型两相材料钨铜合金(W₇₀Cu₃₀), 基于小口径弹道枪发射平台开展两种弹体侵彻半无限钢靶试验, 对比两种合金弹体细观结构演化行为. 结果表明, 硬相浓度分布总体上体现“中心浓, 边缘稀”的特点; 硬相的浓度越高, 密度越大, 驱动速度越快, 则流动稳定系数t/l_length值越小, 侵彻过程中弹体的流动稳定性越好, 弹体头部材料越容易形成连续的塑性流动带. 等截面直管两相流动演化模型可用于描述侵彻过程中弹体头部材料的流动稳定性, 揭示了侵彻过程中弹体头部变形与细观两相结构之间的关联机制.      

Etude de la détonation de mélanges pauvres H2NO2/N2O4

Calculations of the detonation reaction zone of gaseous H₂NO₂/N₂O₄ mixtures in the range of equivalence ratio Φ between 0.25 and 0.7 show that for 0.25Φ0.4 the chemical energy is released in two distinct and successive exothermic steps characterised by different chemical characteristic times. As for rich mixtures, the first exothermic step is mainly due to the reaction NO₂ + H → NO + OH, but the second one is different since it results from the exothermic decomposition of NO into N₂ and O₂. For Φ=0.3 the measured detonation velocity in a tube of 52 mm internal diameter is very much smaller than the calculated value and the mean size of the cellular structure is very much larger than the value extrapolated from data obtained with mixtures of higher but close equivalence ratio. All these results show that the detonation, though self-sustained and steady, is ‘non-ideal’, i.e. it is supported only by a part of the available chemical energy, that provided mainly by the first exothermic step. To cite this article: D. Desbordes et al., C. R. Mecanique 332 (2004).     

NiCrW-Al_2O_3-SrCO_3-Ag金属陶瓷复合材料的高温摩擦学性能研究

采用粉末冶金方法(机械合金化+真空热压烧结)制备了不同SrCO_3和Ag含量的NiCrW-Al_2O_3-SrCO_3-Ag金属陶瓷复合材料,利用UMT-3考察复合材料在室温至1000℃条件下的摩擦磨损性能,利用SEM、EDS、XRD等表征分析其显微组织、物相组成及其磨损机理.结果表明:热压烧结过程中,SrCO_3高温分解,并与Ti_3SiC_2反应生成SrAl_4O_7,同时生成了Cr_2O_3和NiCr_2O_4等新相.分别添加质量分数10%SrCO_3和Ag的复合材料在宽温域内的摩擦磨损性能最优,归因于在中高温阶段复合材料摩擦表面发生摩擦化学反应生成了SrCrO_4和NiO等润滑相,与复合材料中的Ag、NiCr_2O_4等润滑相形成协同润滑,使得复合材料在400~1000℃宽温域范围内具有优异的摩擦磨损性能.     

Fe_3Al/WS_2复合材料的真空摩擦学性能研究

采用热压烧结的方法制备了添加WS2质量百分数为10%、20%和30%的Fe-28Al-5Cr基复合材料,通过XRD和SEM等手段分析了样品的相组成和组织结构.利用自制的真空摩擦试验机测试了样品在4×10-4Pa真空下的摩擦学性能.研究结果显示:通过与WS2的复合能够显著降低Fe3Al基金属间化合物在真空条件下的摩擦系数,但三种不同WS2含量复合材料的摩擦系数差别不大.随着WS2含量增加,复合材料的磨损率逐渐降低,特别是30%复合材料的磨损率较纯Fe-28Al-5Cr的磨损率低约1个数量级.滑动速度和载荷对三种材料的摩擦系数和磨损率均有一定的影响.纯Fe3Al的磨损表面较为粗糙,出现严重的剥落坑和剥落痕迹,磨损机理为严重的疲劳磨损.添加质量百分数为10%WS2的复合材料的磨损机理为磨粒磨损和疲劳磨损;添加WS2质量百分数为20%和30%的复合材料,其磨损表面相对较为光滑平整,磨损机理为轻微剥落.因此,在复合材料制备中添加WS2能够显著提高Fe3Al金属间化合物的真空摩擦学性能.     

ZCuPb20Sn5合金耐磨性能研究

ZCuPb₂₀Sn₅合金作为柱塞泵转子内衬材料,因其含铅量高,而具有良好的减摩耐磨性能,可避免转子在工作中的磨损失效问题. 选用销盘式摩擦磨损试验机,以ZCuPb₂₀Sn₅和45钢为摩擦副,研究了不同PV值和油润滑条件下,ZCuPb₂₀Sn₅合金的摩擦磨损性能. 结果表明:随着PV值的增加,ZCuPb₂₀Sn₅合金的摩擦系数先增加后减小,而磨损率呈增加趋势. 在载荷50 N和线速度2.410 m/s条件下,摩擦系数和磨损率最低,摩擦系数最低能达到0.010,平均摩擦系数达到1个最低峰值点0.063;在载荷250 N、线速度3.610 m/s以及PV值为126 MPa·m/s的条件下,摩擦系数达到另一低峰值0.070,磨损率为2.972×10?7 mm3/(N·m). PV值最大时,摩擦系数和磨损率最大. 载荷小于150 N时,在油润滑的作用下,主要磨损机制为轻微黏着磨损;载荷大于150 N时,在铅和油的协同作用下,以黏着磨损为主,少量磨粒磨损;当载荷大于250 N时,摩擦系数与磨损率均偏高,以磨粒磨损为主,局部有少量氧化磨损.      

KH2PO4/SiO2复合粉体抑制铝粉爆燃效果及机理分析

为研究KH₂PO₄/SiO₂复合粉体抑爆剂对铝粉爆燃的抑制作用,采用球磨机将KH₂PO₄和SiO₂混合研磨制备出新型的KH₂PO₄/SiO₂复合粉体抑爆剂。在哈特曼管实验装置上,开展爆燃火焰传播抑制实验,结果表明:随着KH₂PO₄/SiO₂复合粉体抑爆剂含量的增加,爆燃火焰传播长度和速度逐渐减小,当添加质量比10∶6的KH₂PO₄/SiO₂复合粉体抑爆剂时,可实现铝粉爆燃火焰传播的抑制。在20 L球形爆炸装置上,开展复合粉体抑爆剂抑制铝粉爆炸压力测试实验,结果表明:随着KH₂PO₄/SiO₂复合粉体抑爆剂含量的增加,铝粉爆炸最大爆炸压力p_max和最大爆炸压力上升速率(dp/dt)_max逐渐减小,当添加质量比10∶9的KH₂PO₄/SiO₂复合粉体抑爆剂时,可实现铝粉爆燃的完全抑制。通过KH₂PO₄粉体、SiO₂粉体与复合粉体抑爆剂对比可知,复合粉体抑爆剂对铝粉火焰传播和爆炸压力的抑制效果都优于单体粉体抑爆剂。通过对铝粉在空气中燃烧的热分析研究,从化学和物理两个方面分析了KH₂PO₄/SiO₂复合粉体抑爆剂对铝粉爆燃的抑制机理。     

等离子喷涂Al2O3/TiO2纳米复合涂层的制备、结构及摩擦学性能

采用喷雾干燥法对溶胶-凝胶法合成的系列A l2O3/TiO2纳米复合粉体进行造粒,使用等离子喷涂技术制备系列A l2O3/TiO2纳米复合涂层.对涂层结构和形貌分析表明所制备的A l2O3/TiO2纳米复合涂层形成了具有熔融区和半熔融区的双区形态的纳米复合结构.使用UMT-2MT试验机研究了复合涂层的摩擦磨损性能,结果表明复合涂层的磨损率随TiO2含量的增加表现出先降低而后增大的趋势,TiO2质量百分数为10%的纳米复合涂层的磨损率最低;而涂层的摩擦系数随TiO2含量的增加变化不大.复合涂层的磨损机制为裂纹扩展导致的磨损剥落.     

Spatiotemporal variations of PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations between31 Chinese cities and their relationships with SO2,NO2,CO and O3

The variations of mass concentrations of PM_2.5,PM₁₀,SO₂,NO₂,CO,and O₃ in 31 Chinese provincial capital cities were analyzed based on data from 286 monitoring sites obtained between March 22,2013 and March 31,2014.By comparing the pollutant concentrations over this length of time,the characteristics of the monthly variations of mass concentrations of air pollutants were determined.We used the Pearson correlation coefficient to establish the relationship between PM_2.5,PM₁₀,and the gas pollutants.The results revealed significant differences in the concentration levels of air pollutants and in the variations between the different cities.The Pearson correlation coefficients between PMs and NO₂ and SO₂ were either high or moderate(PM_2.5 with NO₂:r=0.256-0.688,mean r=0.498;PM₁₀ with NO₂:r = 0.169-0.713,mean r = 0.493;PM2.5 with SO₂:r= 0.232-0.693,mean r=0.449;PM₁₀ with SO₂:r = 0.131-0.669,mean r=0.403).The correlation between PMs and CO was diverse(PM_2.5:r = 0.156-0.721,mean r=0.437;PM₁₀:r=0.06-0.67,mean r= 0.380).The correlation between PMs and O₃ was either weak or uncorrelated(PM_2.5:r--0.35 to 0.089,mean r=-0.164;PM₁₀:r=-0.279 to 0.078,mean r=-0.127),except in Haikou(PM2.5:r=0.500;PM₁₀:r-0.509).     

大气环境下YBa2Cu3O7薄膜的摩擦行为和表面表貌

利用球--盘摩擦试验装置考察了大气环境下YBa2Cu3O7薄膜和多晶硅薄膜同蓝宝石球及钢球对摩时的摩擦行为,并用原子力显微镜对其表面形貌进行了分析。结果表明：表面相对较粗糙的YBa2Cu3O7薄膜与蓝宝石球对摩时的磨擦系数低于多晶硅薄膜/蓝宝石球的摩擦系数;而2种薄膜与钢球对摩时的摩擦系数相当;YBa2Cu3O7薄膜与蓝宝石球对摩时的启动摩擦非常稳定,而多晶硅薄膜的启动摩擦很不稳定;与钢球对摩时两者的启动摩擦则都比较稳定。对YBa2Cu3O7薄膜的磨损表面形貌分析研究表明,其表面突出物结合疏松,容易从基体表面摩损脱落。     

Analyses of tensile deformation of nanocrystalline α-Fe2O3+fcc-Al composites using molecular dynamics simulations

The tensile deformation of nanocrystalline α-Fe₂O₃+fcc-Al composites at room temperature is analyzed using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The analyses focus on the effects of variations in grain size and phase volume fraction on strength. For comparison purposes, nanostructures of different phase volume fractions at each grain size are given the same grain morphologies and the same grain orientation distribution. Calculations show that the effects of the fraction of grain boundary (GB) atoms and the electrostatic forces between atoms on deformation are strongly correlated with the volume fractions of the Al and Fe₂O₃ phases. In the case of nanocrystalline Al where electrostatic forces are absent, dislocation emission initiates primarily from high-angle GBs. For the composites, dislocations emits from both low-angle and high-angle GBs due to the electrostatic effect of Al-Fe₂O₃ interfaces. The effect of the interfaces is stronger in structures with smaller average grain sizes primarily because of the higher fractions of atoms in interfaces at smaller grain sizes. At all grain sizes, the strength of the composite lies between those of the corresponding nanocrystalline Al and Fe₂O₃ structures. Inverse Hall-Petch (H-P) relations are observed for all structures analyzed due to the fact that GB sliding is the dominant deformation mechanism. The slopes of the inverse H-P relations are strongly influenced by the fraction of GB atoms, atoms associated with defects, and the volume fractions of the Al and Fe₂O₃ phases.     

Hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO whiskers from ε-Zn（OH）2 in NaOH/Na2SO4 solution

The influence of Na₂SO₄ on the formation of ZnO whiskers was investigated in this paper.ZnO whiskers with aspect ratios of up to 50 were synthesized by dissolving ε-Zn（OH）₂ precursor in NaOH/Na₂SO₄ solution at room temperature,followed by aging of the resulting solution at 140℃ for 6 h.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,Raman spectroscopy,and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses revealed that SO₄^2- ions were primarily adsorbed on the（100） plane of the ZnO whiskers via an outer-sphere complex configuration（O-H…O）,thereby promoting the one-dimensional growth of ZnO whiskers along the c-axis.