Procedure for determining the elastoplastic anisotropy constants and creep characteristics of glass-reinforced plastics

The dependence of the parameters of the static stress-strain and creep diagrams on the gage width and length of the specimen has been experimentally investigated. Other technical factors — the accuracy with which the specimen is mounted in the grips or wedges, the transverse strain distribution, and Saint Vanant's principle — are also considered. Recommendations are given for selecting the principal dimensions of test specimens of composites with various structures.State Scientific-Research Institute of Machine Science, Moscow. Translated from Mekhanika Polimerov, No. 4, pp. 747–754, July–August, 1970.     

Transverse cracks in cross-ply laminates. 1. Stress analysis

During service loading of cross-ply laminates, transverse cracks occur in plies. The cracks parallel to the fiber direction are extended over the full thickness of transverse plies and often cross the entire test specimen width. It is widely recognized that the changes of laminate thermomechanical constants, caused by the transverse cracking of composite laminates, can be significant. Theoretical stress analysis in the cross-ply laminates in the vicinity of cracks is performed using numerical (FE) and analytical methods. The effect of transverse cracks on the degradation of elastic properties will be discussed in Part 2 [1]. Approximate analytical micromechanical models based on shear lag predictions, variational analysis, and numerical 2D finite element calculations were verified in their predictive abilities. The three variational models used are based on the principle of minimum complementary energy and have different degrees of accuracy with respect to the stress assumptions used (Hashin's, 2D 0° and 2D 0°/90° models). Using FEM, the plane stress and strain state were analyzed. The effect of material properties and layer thickness on the stress distribution in a 90° layer was evaluated by varying the crack spacing. The crack opening displacement (COD), normalized with respect to the far field strain, is proposed as a measure of reduction of the mechanical properties. Since the CODs are rather insensitive to the crack spacing (crack density) in a wide region, they will be used in modeling the stiffness reduction in these laminates [1].Translated from Mekhanika Kompozitnykh Materialov, Vol. 33, No. 6, pp. 796–820, November–December, 1997.     

Deformation and strength properties of carbon-reinforced plastics in compression

The deformation and strength properties of unidirectionally reinforced carbon plastics have been experimentally investigated for uniaxial compression in the longitudinal and transverse directions and at 45° to the direction of reinforcement in both short-time and long-time tests. On the basis of the deformation properties of the components an attempt is made to describe the creep curve of the plastic in all three loading directions. The Mohr theory is used to predict the compressive strengths in the direction of reinforcement and at right angles to the reinforcement.Institute of Polymer Mechanics, Academy of Sciences of the Latvian SSR, Riga. Translated from Mekhanika Polimerov, No. 1, pp. 29–35, January–February, 1973.     

Torsion testing of polyvinyl chloride sheet

The behavior of polyvinyl chloride sheet in torsion has been studied. Normal round test pieces were tested at strain rates of 0.3 and 1 rpm. The specimens were cut in the longitudinal and transverse directions of the sheet. The principal strength and plasticity characteristics of the material in torsion were obtained. During the tests torsion diagrams (M_t vs. ) were recorded. The specimens failed in shear. The shear modulus was determined on a special table device. The experiments showed that the shear modulus, limit of proportionality, and tensile strength have the same values in both longitudinal and transverse directions. The values of the angle of twist at failure are large and vary over a wide range.Mekhanika Polimerov, Vol. 1, No. 5, pp. 19–24, 1965     

The nonlocal frequency behavior of nanomechanical mass sensors based on the multi-directional vibrations of a buckled nanoribbon

Considering the potential applications of the buckled structures as nanomechanical mass sensors, this paper presents an analytical method to solve the frequency shifts of the first-order transverse and longitudinal vibration modes when a mass attaches on the surface of a buckled nanoribbon based on the nonlocal elastic theory and the Lagrange's motion equation. The first-order transverse and longitudinal vibration modes of the buckled nanoribbon are introduced. A comparison between the analytic solution and the finite element analysis (FEA) is presented. Then, the effects of the compressive strain, the magnitude and location of attached mass, the nonlocal parameter, and attached mass numbers on the frequency shifts are presented. From example calculations, it is seen that the magnitude of attached mass increases the frequency shifts of the first-order modes, except the first-order transverse vibration mode at the location Z1=0. The frequency shifts for the first-order transverse and longitudinal vibration modes are different, and could be used as important principles in mass sensing. What's more, the compressive strain and the nonlocal parameter play significant roles on the sensing process of the buckled nanoribbon. The results could serve as useful references for the fabrications and applications of buckled structures based nanomechanical mass sensors.     

Stress-Strain State in the Zone of Load Transfer in a Composite Specimen under Uniaxial Tension

The stress-strain state in the zone of load transfer in a uniaxially stretched specimen made of a unidirectional epoxy carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) is investigated. A parametric analysis of the influence of geometric and mechanical characteristics of the specimen on its stress-strain state is performed by means of finite-element modeling. The parameters allowing us to significantly reduce the dangerous concentration of transverse and tangential stresses are revealed. The mechanical tensile characteristics of a high-strength pultruded unidirectional CFRP are determined experimentally, and the size effect of its strength is estimated.     

Low-stiffness three-component strain-measuring instrument for tubular specimens

The construction of a dismountable three-component strain-measuring instrument with metallic elastic elements and bonded resistance strain gages is described. Relations are given for calculating the longitudinal, transverse, and shear strains at the surface of a cylindrical specimen with allowance for surface curvature.     

Interlaminar fracture and low-velocity impact of carbon/epoxy composite materials

The interlaminar fracture and the low-velocity impact behavior of carbon/epoxy composite materials have been studied using width-tapered double cantilever beam (WTDCB), end-notched flexure (ENF), and Boeing impact specimens. The objectives of this research are to determine the essential parameters governing interlaminar fracture and damage of realistic laminated composites and to characterize a correlation between the critical strain energy release rates measured by interlaminar fracture and by low-velocity impact tests. The geometry and the lay-up sequence of specimens are designed to probe various conditions such as the skewness parameter, beam volume, and test fixture. The effect of interfacial ply orientations and crack propagation directions on interlaminar fracture toughness and the effect of ply orientations and thickness on impact behavior are examined. The critical strain energy release rate was calculated from the respective tests: in the interlaminar fracture test, the compliance method and linear beam theory are used; the residual energy calculated from the impact test and the total delamination area estimated by ultrasonic inspection are used in the low-velocity impact test. Results show that the critical strain energy release rate is affected mainly by ply orientations. The critical strain energy release rate measured by the low-velocity impact test lies between the mode I and mode II critical strain energy release rates obtained by the interlaminar fracture test. Submitted to the 11th International Conference on Mechanics of Composite Materials (Riga, June 11–15, 2000). Published in Mekhanika Kompozitnykh Materialov, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 195–214, March–April, 2000.     

Strength of Unidirectional Composites under High Hydrostatic Pressures

The dependence of the strength properties of two unidirectional fibrous composites on high (up to 500 MPa) hydrostatic pressure has been studied experimentally. Ring specimens of epoxy carbon- and glass-fiber-reinforced plastics were tested in tension using half-disk devices. The tensile strength in the reinforcement direction increased with increase in the pressure up to 300 MPa. However, at a further increase in the pressure, this strength decreased. It was found that the failure mode of unidirectional composites depends on the magnitude of hydrostatic pressure. The failure shapes differed in the location of the failure zone and in the relative extent of longitudinal cracks in the specimens. At atmospheric pressure, the failure zone covered practically the whole volume of the specimens. With increased pressure, the failure zone became localized. At the highest pressures investigated, the failure was accompanied by the formation of a single crack across the reinforcement direction.     

辽河口附近海冰单轴压缩强度的试验与统计特征

为研究影响海冰单轴压缩强度的因素,在渤海辽河口附近海域采集冰坯,加工成方柱状冰样.在试验温度分别为-3℃,-5℃,-7℃,-10℃和-15℃下,对225个冰样沿平行和垂直自然冰表面方向进行加载.研究试样温度,加载方向,应变速率和孔隙率对海冰单轴压缩强度的影响.试验结果表明:海冰单轴强度随试样温度的降低而增加;垂直方向冰样的峰值强度高于水平方向,海冰表现为各向异性.利用试验结果建立了韧性区内海冰单轴压缩强度与应变速率和孔隙率的统计关系.     

一种镍基单晶超合金高温低周疲劳的晶体取向相关性模型

在950℃t对[001]、[012]、[112]、[011]和[114]晶体取向的镍基单晶超合金DD3试样进行了对称循环低周疲劳(ICF)试验。应变率取1.0×10-2,1.33×10-3,0.33×10-3s-1.试验结果表明,LCF特性显着地取决于晶体取向和应变率。试样断口细观分析表明,除了[001]取向试样外,其余所有试样断口上均有明显的等间距疲劳纹。这些疲劳纹由微裂纹组成,其间距取决于试样的晶体取向和总应变范围。基于晶体滑移理论,建立了疲劳纹间距和总分切应变范围及取向和应变率函数的一个简单关系。对Lall-Chin-Pope(LCP)模型进行修正并推广应用于循环塑性和疲劳寿命研究,提出了一个晶体取向和应变率参数,该参数可以很好地描述镍基单晶超合金高温低周疲劳循环塑性和疲劳寿命的晶体取向和应变率相关性。     

Microstructural behaviour of transversal isotropic material

We discuss and simulate transversal isotropic material under tension loading. The preferential direction of the material is inclined under 45 degrees to the direction of the tensile resultant. In this configuration the deformation of a rectangular test specimen differ from the behaviour of isotropic material in the way, that beside Poissons effect additional displacement appear perpendicular to the tension direction. In classical continuum theories, this transverse deformations describe a typical S–shape. By using a non–local continuum theory, the effect of microstructural orientation is incorporated into the numerical model. Then, it depends on a phenomenological parameter of inner structure whether the energetically favoured configuration is classical or contains microstructural behaviour. In the second case, the transverse deformation is not described by the typical S–shape, but with higher forms of it. A simple experimental model will show the connection between the inner structure of the material and the rotational parameters within the non–local continuum theory. It is evident, that these parameters are responsible for the non–classical behaviour and give the possibility to find energetically favoured solutions. The results of the finite–element–analyses can help to understand constitutive parameters for the non–local continuum theory and to apply it to other specimens. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

圆孔内单边（或双边）裂纹平台巴西圆盘应力强度因子的全面标定

虽然径向压缩含内单边裂纹的圆环型试样已有学者进行了分析,但在该试样上增加有益于加载的平台,就形成了新的试样——圆孔内单边裂纹平台巴西圆盘（holed single cracked flattened Brazilian disc,HSCFBD),并对其进行了研究.此外,对圆孔内（双边）裂纹平台巴西圆盘（holed cracked flattened Brazilian disc,HCFBD）做了进一步研究.通过有限元分析,对含有不同内外半径比、无量纲裂纹长度、平台角的HSCFBD和HCFBD的无量纲应力强度因子Y进行了全面标定,给出Y的曲线和拟合公式,拟合公式计算结果与数值标定结果相对误差在±1.39%以内.分析了试件形状参数对应力强度因子的影响:内外半径比越大,平台角越小,无量纲应力强度因子越大.根据应力强度因子的变化规律,推荐了适合测试Ⅰ型断裂韧度的HSCFBD和HCFBD的参数.进行了HCFBD的初步试验,还用国际岩石力学学会建议的人字形切槽巴西圆盘做了对比试验.     

Mechanical properties of the wall of the human abdominal aorta after endarterectomy

The deformation and strength properties of the wall of the human aorta have been studied after open endarterectomy. Specimens cut from the aorta wall and specimens subjected to endarterectomy at the levels of both the inner and outer elastic membranes were investigated. It was found that endarterectomy at the level of the inner elastic membrane does not affect the deformation properties of the wall but leads to an increase in strength as compared with the atherosclerotic wall. Endarterectomy at the level of the outer elastic membrane sharply reduces the deformability in the transverse direction as compared with the intact aorta.     

弹性固体和充满两种互不相溶粘性流体的多孔固体之间界面的反射和折射及其衰减波

在充满两种互不相溶粘性流体的多孔固体中,研究弹性波的传播.用3个数性的势函数描述3个纵波的传播,用1个矢性的势函数单独描述横波的传播.根据这些势函数,在不同的组合相中,定义出质点的位移.可以看出,可能存在3个纵波和1个横波.在一个弹性固体半空间与一个充满两种互不相溶粘性流体的多孔固体半空间之间,研究其界面上入射纵波和横波所引起的反射和折射现象.由于孔隙流体中有粘性,折射到多孔介质中的波,朝垂直界面方向偏离.将入射波引起的反射波和折射波的波幅比,作为非奇异的线性代数方程组计算.进一步通过这些波幅比,计算出各个被离散波在入射波能量中所占的份额.通过一个特殊的数值模型,计算出波幅比和能量比系数随入射角的变化.超过SV波的临界入射角,反射波P将不再出现.越过界面的能量守恒原理得到了验证.绘出了图形并对不同孔隙饱和度以及频率的变化,讨论它们对能量分配的影响.     

Behavior of Adhesively Bonded Concrete-CFRP Joints at Low and High Temperatures

This paper presents an evaluation of the results obtained from an initial study carried out at the IBMB, Technical University of Braunschweig, on the influence of temperature on adhesively bonded plate-concrete joint systems. The results of a theoretical model are also presented. The type of specimen used in this study is a three-point bending beam. The concrete specimens were prismatic in form, 100 × 100 × 700 mm without an internal steel reinforcement, strengthened at the intradoss with two types of UD CFRP lamina 20 mm wide and 590 mm long of thickness 1.4 mm for the E = 300 GPa type and 1.24 mm for the E = 175 GPa type. The plate-bonded specimens were designed to produce bending failure under a load, by not bonding the lamina and the concrete around the midspan of the specimens. The specimens were tested to failure at –100°, –30°, and +40°C after an approximately homogeneous temperature distribution within the concrete specimen has been reached. For comparison only, specimens of the same type were tested to failure at room temperature. The results obtained showed varying behavior of the bonded plate-concrete joint depending on variations in temperature. Furthermore, they showed different failure mechanisms. Greater reductions in the ultimate bond force were recorded for the test specimens strengthened with lamina having a high elastic modulus. A reasonable correlation was found between the experimental and theoretical results.     

Tensile testing of high-strength unidirectional composites

Conclusions 1. In order to obtain stable values of the tensile strength of high-strength unidirectional composites it is necessary to use bar specimens with pressboard end reinforcement 90–110 mm in length.2. In determining the strength on specimens without end reinforcement it is necessary to select their size and shape with allowance for the transverse compressive strength, the shear strength and the taper of the grip jaws.Institute of Polymer Mechanics, Academy of Sciences of the Latvian SSR, Riga. All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Aviation Materials, Moscow. Translated from Mekhanika Polimerov, No. 4, pp. 717–723, July–August, 1978.     

Parameter identification based on multiple inhomogeneous experiments of practical relevance

Existing procedures to identify material parameters are based on experiments with simple specimens. Additionally, the load distribution is approximately homogeneous. But there are only few feasible experiments which produce homogeneous or almost homogeneous load distributions. Furthermore, deviations from homogeneity and their consequences cannot be avoided, but are often ignored. We present a solution algorithm which takes several different experimental results into account. Thereby, the experiments are performed on specimens which respond with inhomogeneous distributions of strains and stresses. The restriction to homogeneous loads is not necessary. Thus, it is possible to use different measured data of multiple load cases on one and the same test specimen. The component-oriented design of the specimen permits to consider the specific properties of product groups, the load types and the effect of the manufacturing process on the final material properties already during the identification process. (© 2012 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Tensile Characterization of FRP Rods for Reinforced Concrete Structures

The application of FRP rods as an internal or external reinforcement in new or damaged concrete structures is based on the development of design equations that take into account the mechanical properties of FRP material systems.The measurement of mechanical characteristics of FRP requires a special anchoring and protocol, since it is well known that these characteristics depend on the direction and content of fibers. In this study, an effective tensile test method is described for the mechanical characterization of FRP rods. Twelve types of glass and carbon FRP specimens with different sizes and surface characteristics were tested to validate the procedure proposed. In all, 79 tensile tests were performed, and the results obtained are discussed in this paper. Recommendations are given for specimen preparation and test setup in order to facilitate the further investigation and standardization of the FRP rods used in civil engineering.