Concise and practical synthesis of (2S,3R,4R,5R) and (2S,3R,4R,5S)-1,6-dideoxy-1,6-iminosugars

The syntheses of (2S,3R,4R,5R) and (2S,3R,4R,5S)-1,6-dideoxy-1,6 iminosugars 1a and 1b, respectively, from d-glucose are described. The key transformations in this reaction sequence include regio-selective epoxide ring opening with N-benzylamine followed by intramolecular reductive amination of amino-aldehyde.     

Synthetic studies on homophymine A: stereoselective synthesis of (2R,3R,4R,6R)-3-hydroxy-2,4,6-trimethyloctanoic acid

An efficient and highly stereocontrolled synthesis of (2R,3R,4R,6R)-3-hydroxy-2,4,6-trimethyloctanoic acid, the β-hydroxy acid unit that acylates the N-terminus of homophymine A, has been devised starting from iodoethane and (S,S)-pseudoephedrine propionamide in 9 steps and 36% average overall yield. Comparison of the ¹H and ¹³C NMR and optical rotation data of the resulting β-hydroxy acid with the natural fragment unambiguously verifies the configurational assignment as (2R,3R,4R,6R).     

Synthesis of (4R,15R,16R,21S)- and (4R,15S,16S,21S)-rollicosin

A convergent synthesis of (4R,15R,16R,21S)-rollicosin (1) and (4R,15S,16S,21S)-rollicosin (2) was accomplished. Hydroxy lactone 6a and/or 6b were synthesized from 4-pentyn-1-ol, and α,β-unsaturated lactone 7 was synthesized from γ-lactone 8 and 5-hexen-1-ol. Inhibitory activity of these compounds was examined with bovine heart mitochondrial complex I.     

Stereoselective synthesis of (2R,3R) and (2R,3S)-3-hydroxyleucines

A stereoselective synthesis of (2R,3R) and (2R,3S)-3-hydroxyleucine is disclosed. The key step of the reaction sequence involves, stereo- and regioselective bromohydration of 7, using a brominating agent derived in situ from N-bromosuccinimide and 2,6-lutidine, via intramolecular sulfinyl group participation.     

Absolute configuration of (−)-4-methylheptan-3-ol,a pheromone of the smaller european elm bark beetle,as determined by the synthesis of its (3R,4R)-(+)- and (3S,4R)-(+)-isomers

Nerol and geraniol were stereoselectively converted to (±)-threo- and (±)-erythro-4-methylheptan-3-ol respectively. (R)-(+)-Citronellic acid was converted to a mixture of (3R,4R)-(+)-threo- and (3S,4R)-(+)-erythro-isomers which was separable by GLC. These syntheses established the absolute configuration of the naturally occurring (?)-4-methylheptan-3-ol to be 3S,4S.     

Aza variant of intramolecular nucleophile-catalyzed aldol lactonization (NCAL): formal synthesis of (3S,4R) and (3R,4S) 4-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidin-3-ol

Aza variant of intramolecular catalytic, asymmetric nucleophile-catalyzed, aldol lactonization (NCAL) reaction has been explored to synthesize β-lactone fused nitrogen heterocycles as aza sugars’ precursors by employing achiral amino acids. The utility of these bicyclic β-lactones is presented by the formal synthesis of aza sugars, (3S,4R) and (3R,4S) 4-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidin-3-ol.     

Synthesis of dihydroxylated prolines and iminocyclitols from five-membered endocyclic enecarbamates. Total synthesis of the potent glycosidase inhibitor (2R,3R,4R,5R)-2,5-dihydroxymethyl-3,4-dihydroxypyrrolidine (DMDP)

cis- and trans-3,4-Dihydroxylated prolines and the iminocyclitol 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino ribitol were synthesized employing a strategy involving the Heck arylation of five-membered endocyclic enecarbamates with aryldiazonium salts followed by oxidative cleavage of the electron-rich aromatic ring. The total synthesis of the potent α- and β-glucosidase inhibitor (2R,3R,4R,5R)-2,5-hydroxymethyl-3,4-dihydroxypyrrolidine (DMDP) was also achieved by the same strategy in ten steps from a chiral five-membered enecarbamate in 12% overall yield.     

A tethered aminohydroxylation route to l-arabino-[2R,3S,4R] and l-xylo-[2R,3S,4S]-C18-phytosphingosines

A concise and highly efficient synthesis of l-arabino-[2R,3S,4R] and l-xylo-[2R,3S,4S]-C₁₈-phytosphingosines has been achieved. The synthetic strategy features the Sharpless kinetic resolution and tethered aminohydroxylation as the key steps.     

Synthesis of protected (2R,3R,4S)-4,7-diamino-2,3-dihydroxyheptanoic acid, a constituent of callipeltins A and D

An efficient synthesis of protected (2R,3R,4S)-4,7-diamino-2,3-dihydroxy heptanoic acid, a constituent of the depsipeptides, callipeltins A and D from l-ascorbic acid is described.     

Synthetic approaches to imino sugar (2R,3R,4S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-methylpyrrolidine-3,4-diol from naturally occurring sugar and amino acid

Imino sugar compound 3 was prepared by two alternative routes starting from ribose and d-serine. From d-serine (3R,4R,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methylpyrrolidin-2-one was prepared in five steps in 50% overall yield, which was further converted into (2R,3R,4S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-methylpyrrolidine-3,4-diol in three steps in 23% overall yield.     

Synthesis of (4R,8R)- and (4S,8R)-4,8-dimethyldecanal: the common aggregation pheromone of flour beetles

The synthesis of (4R,8R)- and (4S,8R)-4,8-dimethyldecanal 1 and 1a has been achieved connecting the chiral building block (R)-2-methyl-1-bromobutane 4 with (R)- and (S)-citronellol derivatives. The key intermediate 4 was obtained optically pure in five steps from methyl (S)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropionate 2.     

Radical mediated stereoselective synthesis of (4R,8R)-4,8-dimethyldecanal, an aggregation pheromone of Tribolium flour beetles

(4R,8R)-4,8-Dimethyldecanal, a common aggregation pheromone of Tribolium flour beetles, has been synthesized from (R)-2,3-O-isopropylideneglyceraldehyde in 11 steps and 7% overall yield. The key step in the synthesis is the highly diastereoselective chelation-controlled radical reaction of ethyl (4S,5R)-4-benzyloxy-5,6-(isopropylidenedioxy)-2-methylenehexanoate with ethyl (R)-5-iodo-3-methylpentanoate performed in the presence of 7 equiv of MgBr₂·OEt₂.     

Enantioselective total synthesis of (2S,3R,4R)-d-xylo-phytosphingosine from substituted azetidin-2-one

Enantiomerically pure (2S,3R,4R)-d-xylo phytosphingosine is synthesized in 36% overall yield in seven steps from known β-lactam (8) derived from d-mannitol triacetonide.     

Synthesis of (±)-2R,4R,5S-2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-(2,3,4-trimethoxyphenyl)cyclohexanone and (±)-2R,4S,5R-2-methoxy-5-nitro-4-(2,3,4-trimethoxyphenyl)cyclohexanone as colchicine mimetics

Colchicine mimetic (±)-4S,5R-4-nitro-5-(2,3,4-trimethoxyphenyl)cyclohexene (1) was epoxidized to afford a mixture of epoxides. The epoxides were separately converted in two steps, with high stereoselectivity, to two regioisomeric α-methoxyketones. One regioisomer, (±)-2R,4S,5R-2-methoxy-5-nitro-4-(2,3,4-trimethoxyphenyl)cyclohexanone (17), proved to be about 12-fold more potent than synthetic precursor 1 against HCT-116 tumor cells while the other regioisomer, (±)-2R,4R,5S-2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-(2,3,4-trimethoxyphenyl)cyclohexanone (16), and the synthetic intermediates tested showed no improvement in potency.     

Stereoselective synthesis of (3R,4S)-3-methoxy-4-methylaminopyrrolidine

An efficient stereoselective approach for the synthesis of (3R,4S)-3-methoxy-4-methylaminopyrrolidine, a part of the structure of quinoline antibacterial compound (1a) and the naphthyridine antitumour agent (1b) has been described.     

An efficient synthesis of protected (2R,3R,4S)-4,7-diamino-2,3-dihydroxyheptanoic acid, a constituent of callipeltins A and D

An efficient and stereoselective synthesis of protected (2R,3R,4S)-4,7-diamino-2,3-dihydroxyheptanoic acid, a constituent of the depsipeptides, callipeltins A and D, from d-ribose is described.     

Synthesis and stereochemistry of ceramide B, (2S,3R,4E,6R)-N-(30-hydroxytriacontanoyl)-6-hydroxy-4-sphingenine, a new ceramide in human epidermis

(2S,3R,4E,6R)-N-(30-Hydroxytriacontanoyl)-6-hydroxy-4-sphingenine (1) and its (6S)-isomer (1′) were synthesized by starting from pentadecan-15-olide, the enantiomers of 1-pentadecyn-3-ol, and (S)-Garner's aldehyde. Comparison of the ¹H NMR spectra of the tetraacetyl derivatives of 1 and 1′ with that of ceramide B, a new protein-bound ceramide in human stratum corneum, revealed it to be (2S,3R,4E,6R)-1.     

Asymmetric syntheses of (1R,1R,5R,7R) and (1S,1R,5R,7R)-1-hydroxy-exo-brevicomin and a formal synthesis of (+)-exo-brevicomin

Asymmetric syntheses of (1R,1^′R,5^′R,7^′R) and (1S,1^′R,5^′R,7^′R)-1-hydroxy-exo-brevicomins 1 and 2, volatiles of the male mountain pine beetle, and a formal synthesis of (+)-exo-brevicomin 3, a component of the attracting pheromone system of several bark beetles have been achieved. The key steps are Birch reduction of commercially available α-picoline, selective Wittig olefination, and Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation.     

Stereoselective synthesis of (3R,4S,5S,9S)-3,5,9-trihydroxy-4-methylundecanoic acid δ-lactone

A stereoselective synthesis of the pentaketide lactone (3R,4S,5S,9S)-3,5,9-trihydroxy-4-methylundecanoic acid δ-lactone has been achieved.     

Stereoselective synthesis of (1′S,3R,4R)-4-acetoxy-3-(2′-fluoro-1′-trimethylsilyloxyethyl)-2-azetidinone

A stereoselective synthesis of (1′S,3R,4R)-4-acetoxy-3-(2′-fluoro-1′-trimethylsilyloxyethyl)-2-azetidinone as a new fluorine-containing intermediate towards β-lactams, is described. The synthetic key step relies upon the dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) of ethyl 2-benzamidomethyl-4-fluoro-3-oxo-butanoate via asymmetric transfer hydrogenation catalyzed by [Ru(η⁶-arene)(S,S)-R₂NSO₂DPEN].