Evolution of quasiplane weakly nonlinear internal waves in a viscous fluid

The method of multiscale asymptotic expansions is used to derive a model equation describing the evolution of internal waves in a viscous stratified fluid with allowance for nonlinearity, dispersion, and diffraction in the diffusion approximation. The approximate analytic solution of the obtained equation in the case of weak nonlinearity is analyzed. The possibility of using the Boussinesq approximation is discussed.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 6, pp. 158–162, October–December, 1981.     

Origination of Microconvection in a Flat Layer with a Free Boundary

Stability of a flat layer with a free boundary in the model of microconvection is studied in the linear approximation of equilibrium. The most important physical case is considered, where the Boussinesq parameter and the Rayleigh number depend linearly on the Marangoni number. It is shown that longwave disturbances always decay. Neutral curves for a wide range of dimensionless parameters are constructed numerically; new (as compared to the Oberbeck–Boussinesq model) growing disturbances are found, which are caused by fluid compressibility. Based on numerical results, the areas of applicability of the microconvection, Oberbeck–Boussinesq, and viscous heatconducting fluid models are established.     

Penetrative convection in the isothermally incompressible fluid approximation

The onset of penetrative convection in an infinite horizontal fluid layer bounded by isothermal rigid or free nondeformable surfaces is numerically examined. It is assumed that the specific volume of the fluid depends quadratically on temperature and reaches a minimum inside the layer. The isothermally incompressible fluid convection model in which, as distinct from the Oberbeck-Boussinesq approximation, the thermal expansion is not assumed to be small is considered. Both the neutral stability curves of the conductive regime and the amplitudes of two-dimensional periodic and three-dimensional doubly-periodic convective flow are calculated. The results are compared with those previously obtained for the equations of penetrative convection in the Boussinesq approximation.Rostov-on-Don. Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 2, pp. 40–52, March–April, 1996.     

Parametric Excitation of a Secondary Flow in a Vertical Layer of a Fluid in the Presence of Small Solid Particles

Thermal convection is studied in an inhomogeneous medium consisting of a fluid and a solid admixture under conditions of finite–frequency vibrations. Convection equations are derived within the framework of the generalized Boussinesq approximation, and the problem of flow stability in a vertical layer of a viscous fluid with horizontal oscillations along the layer to infinitely small perturbations is considered. A comparison with experimental data is made.     

Influence of thermal inhomogeneity of the boundary on the forced motion of a viscous fluid in a plane layer

Numerical solution of the Navier-Stokes equations is used to investigate the laminar motion of an incompressible fluid in a plane layer when part of the lower boundary has a temperature different from the rest of the lower boundary. The problem is solved in the Boussinesq approximation.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 171–173, January–February, 1982.     

Convection in an oscillating force field and microgravity

Convective flows in a plane layer of viscous fluid in the presence of an oscillating external force are investigated numerically [1 – 8]. The layer is assumed to be placed in a gravitational field. The cases in which the external field oscillations are generated by rotation about the horizontal axis or by vibration in the longitudinal direction are considered. The Navier-Stokes equations and the Boussinesq approximation are used for describing the fluid motion. The flows developing in the layer in the presence of a transverse temperature gradient are determined, the stability boundaries of these flows are found, and the supercritical motion regimes are studied. These investigations are carried out using the averaging method (in order to find the stability limits for high rotation velocities and vibration frequencies) and the Galerkin method.Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 5, pp. 99–106, September–October, 1994.     

Stability of nonisothermal couette flow

A study is made of the loss of stability of the stationary flow of a viscous fluid between two heated rotating cylinders. The linearized stability problem is studied in the Boussinesq approximation. The perturbations are assumed to be periodic in the time, and also in the axial and azimuthal directions. The neutral curves are calculated numerically. The ranges of variation of the parameters of the problem are found, and in them the most dangerous perturbations (in the class of spatially periodic perturbations) are those without rotational symmetry.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 167–170, January–February, 1980.I thank V. I. Yudovich for constant interest in the work.     

Instability in the oscillations of a moving oscillator while it radiates surface and internal waves

In the study of wave radiation by oscillators moving in a fluid considerable interest attaches to the question of the effect which the radiation has on the nature of the motion of the source. The main task here is to clarify the conditions under which the component of the radiation reaction force connected with the radiation of anomalous Doppler harmonics prevails over the component of the reaction force in the region in which normal Doppler frequencies are radiated. The latter results in a buildup in the oscillations of an oscillator moving in a dispersing medium [1, 2]. In the present study the authors obtain in the dipole approximation expressions for the reaction force of radiation (wave resistance) of a mass source of the oscillator type [2] when it excites surface waves in an incompressible fluid of finite depth, and internal waves in a smoothly stratified fluid. The thresholds are also found for the occurrence of radiation instability with respect to gravitational waves, and is found that with respect to internal waves radiation instability is nonthreshold in character in the Boussinesq approximation.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 168–171, January–February, 1986.The authors are grateful to, E. V. Teodorovich for discussing the results and for his useful comments, and to A. I. Notik for performing numerical calculations.     

Vibrational and convective instability of a plane horizontal fluid layer at finite vibration frequencies

The vibrational-convective instability of a plane horizontal fluid layer subject to longitudinal harmonic vibrations of finite frequency and transverse stratification in a static gravity field is studied. The analysis is based on the complete convection equations in the Boussinesq approximation. It is demonstrated that in the limiting case of high-frequency vibrations the results thus obtained coincide with those obtained earlier on the basis of the averaged equations. In the limiting low-frequency case the nature of the instability is quite different being due to the instability of oscillating counterstreams.Perm'. Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 5, pp. 44–51, September–October, 1996.     

Internal waves generated in an exponentially stratified fluid by an arbitrarily moving source

A theoretical investigation is made into the development of linear internal waves in an exponentially stratified flow of an ideal incompressible fluid in the Boussinesq approximation. The waves are generated by an arbitrarily moving point mass source. The obtained solution is used to investigate three special cases of motion: uniform motion at an angle to the horizontal, nonstationary motion during a finite interval of time, and uniform motion in a circular path. The method of solution of this problem is similar to that used by Wolfe and Lewis [1], who studied the generation of acoustic waves.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 3, pp. 67–74, May–June, 1980.I thank V. V. Sazonov for assistance in the calculations.     

Differential model of turbulence: A numerical study of mixed convection in vertical pipes

A three-parameter model of turbulence with the transport equation for the transverse turbulent heat flux is complemented by terms taking thermogravity effects into account. The results of a numerical study carried out without using the Boussinesq approximation are compared with known experimental data on rising air flows in vertical heated pipes.Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 2, pp. 73–86, March–April, 1996.     

Thermal convection in a cylindrical enclosure with intense internal heat generation in the presence of a longitudinal magnetic field

Steady convection in a gaseous medium with intense heat generation is considered without making use of the Boussinesq approximation. The effect on convection of the thermal boundary conditions at the walls of the enclosure is investigated, together with the influence of a longitudinal magnetic field which is effective when the medium is strongly heated and becomes electrically conducting.Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No.3, pp. 11–18, May–June, 1992.The authors are grateful to the participants in the G. A. Lyubimov seminar for discussing their work.     

Joseph Boussinesq and his approximation: a contemporary view

A hundred years ago, in his 1903 volume II of the monograph devoted to ‘Théorie Analytique de la Chaleur’, Joseph Valentin Boussinesq observes that: “The variations of density can be ignored except were they are multiplied by the acceleration of gravity in equation of motion for the vertical component of the velocity vector.” A spectacular consequence of this Boussinesq observation (called, in 1916, by Rayleigh, the ‘Boussinesq approximation’) is the possibility to work with a quasi-incompressible system of coupled dynamic, (Navier) and thermal (Fourier) equations where buoyancy is the main driving force. After a few words on the life of Boussinesq and on his observation, the applicability of this approximation is briefly discussed for various thermal, geophysical, astrophysical and magnetohydrodynamic problems in the framework of ‘Boussinesquian fluid dynamics’. An important part of our contemporary view is devoted to a logical (100 years later) justification of this Boussinesq approximation for a perfect gas and an ideal liquid in the framework of an asymptotic modelling of the full fluid dynamics (Euler and Navier–Stokes–Fourier) equations with especially careful attention given to the validity of this approximation. To cite this article: R.Kh. Zeytounian, C. R. Mecanique 331 (2003).     

A unified asymptotic theory of the anelastic approximation in geophysical gases and liquids

An asymptotic theory of the anelastic approximation is developed for fluids having arbitrary equations of state under two assumptions: weak compressibility and small Brunt–Väisälä frequency. We show that both Boussinesq approximation (BA) and anelastic approximation (AA) may be included in a unique quasi-incompressible approximation (QIA) already constructed by Durran for polytropic gases. The only difference between AA and BA is that, in the BA, the equations are with slowly varying coefficients, while in the AA the coefficients are fast varying. Applications are made to atmospheric air and to sea-water.     

Convective instability of a system of horizontal layers of immiscible liquids with a deformable interface

The convective stability of equilibrium is considered for a system of two immiscible fluids which differ little in density. A generalized Boussinesq approximation is developed, making it possible to take the interface deformations properly into account. The stability of the equilibrium state of two fluids in a horizontal layer with a vertical temperature gradient is investigated. Several instability mechanisms are identified: long-wave and cellular monotonic disturbances and oscillatory disturbances. Increasing the deformability is shown to cause switching between instability mechanisms.Perm. Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 2, pp. 32–39, March–April, 1996.     

Numerical investigation of natural convective motions in a rotating cube

On the basis of a numerical integration of the Navier-Stokes equations in the Boussinesq approximation, the natural thermal convection in a rotating cube heated from below is investigated for three values of the Rayleigh number. The effect of the rotation velocity on the establishment of various forms of convection flows is studied. The existence of several types of convection flows is noted. Each of the motions is realized on a specific range of the rotation velocity of the cube. The domains of existence of the different types are determined. The results obtained are compared with experimental data.Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 4, pp. 53–60, July–August, 1995.     

Natural convection near a vertical plate with ramped wall temperature

The unsteady natural convective flow of an incompressible viscous fluid near a vertical plate has been considered. It is assumed that the bounding plate has a ramped temperature profile. The exact solutions of the energy and momentum equations, under the usual Boussinesq approximation, have been obtained in closed form. There are two different solutions for the fluid velocity—one valid for the fluids of Prandtl numbers different from unity, and the other for which the Prandtl number is unity. The variations of the fluid temperature, velocity as well as the Nusselt number and wall skin friction have been presented graphically. The natural convection near a ramped temperature plate has also been compared with the flow near a plate with constant temperature.     

Mathematical modeling of natural convection in a vertical cylindrical tank with alternating-sign heat flux distribution on the wall

On the basis of a numerical solution of the two-dimensional nonstationary Navier-Stokes equations in the Boussinesq approximation, mathematical modeling of laminar natural convection is carried out for a sinusoidal heat flux distribution on the side wall. For various values of the governing parameters, the spatial and temporal structure of the convective flow is analyzed in detail.Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 2, pp. 66–72, March–April, 1996.     

Generalizing the Boussinesq approximation to stratified compressible flow

The simplifications required to apply the Boussinesq approximation to compressible flow are compared with those in an incompressible fluid. The larger degree of approximation required to describe mass conservation in a stratified compressible fluid using the Boussinesq continuity equation has led to the development of several different sets of ‘anelastic’ equations that may be regarded as generalizations of the original Boussinesq approximation. These anelastic systems filter sound waves while allowing a more accurate representation of non-acoustic perturbations in compressible flows than can be obtained using the Boussinesq system. The energy conservation properties of several anelastic systems are compared under the assumption that the perturbations of the thermodynamic variables about a hydrostatically balanced reference state are small. The ‘pseudo-incompressible’ system is shown to conserve total kinetic and anelastic dry static energy without requiring modification to any governing equation except the mass continuity equation. In contrast, other energy conservative anelastic systems also require additional approximations in other governing equations. The pseudo-incompressible system includes the effects of temperature changes on the density in the mass conservation equation, whereas this effect is neglected in other anelastic systems. A generalization of the pseudo-incompressible equation is presented and compared with the diagnostic continuity equation for quasi-hydrostatic flow in a transformed coordinate system in which the vertical coordinate is solely a function of pressure. To cite this article: D.R. Durran, A. Arakawa, C. R. Mecanique 335 (2007).