喷泉视听感知对城市开放空间声景评估的影响*

为了更好地指导在城市开放空间中通过设计和运用喷泉来改善声景,有必要深入理解喷泉视听感知对声景评估的作用机制。因此,该研究通过在一个带有中央喷泉的典型开放空间(伦敦罗素广场)中进行实地调查,探索了喷泉视听感知对空间整体声景评估的影响及其在空间上的差异。水景和水声分别为喷泉的视觉和听觉刺激。喷泉视听感知包含“感”(水景在多大程度主导视野和水声是否是最主导的声源)和“知”(对水景和水声从“非常差”到“非常好”的接受程度)两方面。空间因素包含表征空间有序变化的“与喷泉的距离”和表征空间特征区划的“是否位于喷泉核心观赏区”两个变量。结果表明：喷泉视听感知对空间整体声景评估的影响主要来自于对喷泉水景和水声的接受程度而非水景和水声的主导性。并且,对水景的接受程度和对水声的接受程度在影响空间整体声景评估上各有侧重：对水声的接受程度更能影响声景协调和声景愉悦性,对水景的接受程度更能影响声景品质和声景事件感。空间因素(“与喷泉的距离”和“是否位于喷泉核心观赏区”)会显著降低水景和水声的主导性,但是受访者对水景和水声的接受程度不受空间因素的影响,能够在整个场所内保持稳定;此外,喷泉视听感知的空间差异不是导致空间整体声景评估产生空间差异的原因。     

城市社区公园声景分布与景观特征关联性研究——以沈阳鲁迅公园为例*

城市社区公园为附近居民提供休憩与交往的公共空间,使用者是公园声景的创造者也是体验者。在公园设计中,将建成后的声景纳入考虑因素,在支持居民休闲活动的同时,创造良好的听觉环境体验,具有提升人居健康福祉和空间公平的现实意义。该研究以城市社区公园——沈阳鲁迅公园为研究对象,通过现场声景调查和使用者问卷,探究声景时空分布特征及居民体验;建构公园景观特征指数,探讨声景时空分布与景观特征的关联性。数据表明：自然声、居民活动声和周围道路交通声构成公园丰富的声景要素,园区内声压级、各类声事件感知显著性呈现不同的时空分布特征;受访者对典型声事件的愉悦性和干扰性评价呈现聚类性特征;以此为基础构建的表征公园景观特征的自然指数、人群聚集指数和交通影响指数,其分别与对应声事件的感知显著性显著相关。基于景观特征与声景分布的关联性,结合公园使用者的声景体验,提出与公园景观设计相结合的社区公园声景优化策略。     

哈尔滨5个宗教建筑广场声景评价中宗教信仰的影响*

为探究宗教信仰是否影响人对宗教建筑广场声景的心理感受,该研究基于声景生态学对声景元素的分类,通过模糊层次综合评价法构建由地球物理声、生物声和人工声3个准则层元素和16个指标层元素组成的宗教建筑广场声景评价体系。以哈尔滨市的5个教堂为例,对有宗教信仰和无宗教信仰的游客和居民进行调查。结果表明：有无宗教信仰的受访者对宗教建筑广场声景总体评价的结果分别为很好和较好;在准则层中,地球物理声的评价结果皆为较好,生物声的评价结果皆在一般及以上,而人工声则与生物声相反;有宗教信仰的受访者对除昆虫鸣叫声外的生物声景的评价等级均比无宗教信仰的受访者高一级,对广场广播声的评价等级比无宗教信仰的受访者低一级,其余指标的评价结果均一致。评价结果符合实际,为今后宗教建筑广场声景评价研究提供了有效方法。     

基于GIS的高密度城市声景质量及其影响因素研究 ——以广州天河区为例*

密度城市空间背景下,声景质量对居住舒适度及居民身心健康的影响显著。已有声景研究中鲜有针对街区尺度的声景时空特征及其与居民交互关系的探究,不利于高质量宜居城市空间构建。本文基于地理学视角,通过声景漫步与问卷调查对广州市天河区的声源类型、声环境特征、心理声学感知进行调查研究,旨在阐述城市街区尺度声景质量的空间特征及其影响因素。研究认为：1）声压级低、主观响度低、柔和、舒适、安静、自然的声环境有利于提升声景总体满意度,同时声景感知结构的空间性在总体满意度上存在性别差异;2）城市声景特征的空间结构与道路功能和土地利用功能等要素密切相关,其中建筑密度、道路等级、城市综合密度的提升均不利于声景总体满意度的提升,城市生活活力的提升有助于声景总体满意度的提升。基于此,本文认为应通过城市声景空间规划优化高密度城市声环境质量并提升声景满意度,通过合理规划道路、用地功能、与建筑密度等手段,促进积极声景空间营造,促进并实现健康人居环境。     

视听双任务条件下注意对视觉和听觉掩蔽效应的影响

在视听交互环境中,当视觉和听觉掩蔽刺激同时感知时,对视听觉的相互作用及掩蔽变化问题进行了实验研究。将视听交互场景按注意状态分类,实验测量了不同场景中视觉和听觉掩蔽阈值的变化,讨论了不同视觉和听觉掩蔽刺激的相互影响。实验结果发现对比单任务实验的阈值,不同视听交互环境中视觉和听觉的掩蔽阈值会产生相应变化。由实验结果可以推论视听交互环境中注意分配影响视觉和听觉掩蔽效应,并且视听掩蔽刺激的相互作用会进一步影响视觉和听觉唤起的注意。      

城市历史街区声景观及视听感知实验研究*

城市历史街区声景观是空间环境的重要内容,直接影响人们的感知体验。论文以济南老城泉水街区为例研究城市历史街区的声景观并进行视听感知实验。结果表明,现场声元素喜好度显著高于实验室单听评价。鸟鸣、鹅叫声在现场和实验室评分都较高,大流速流量水景声在现场评分高而实验室评分低,小流速流量水景声在实验室和安静环境中评分较高,在吵闹环境中评分较低;声环境满意度与视觉景观优美度、声源组成喜好度、安静度之间存在显著正相关关系,与环境声压级存在显著负相关关系,但当较高的环境声压级主要由水声贡献时,声环境满意度明显提高;应从提高景观优美度、优化声源组成、降低环境声压级等方面进行声景观设计。论文为声元素喜好度和声环境满意度研究提供参考。     

不同声音偏好的游客声景观主观评价差异——以丽江大研古镇为例*

古镇作为集自然景观与人文景观一体的景区，具有丰富的声音类型。本研究以大研古镇为例，通过实地调研探究不同声音偏好的游客对古镇声景观的主观评价差异。基于游客的声音偏好，将游客分为偏爱自然声和偏爱人工声两大类。通过因子分析提取游客声景观主观评价的5个主因子：大小、音质、效价、偏好和唤醒。进一步分析发现，这5个因子具有一定的层级性，其中从大小到唤醒代表声景观评价从声音的物理属性向声音的联想评价逐级提升。其中在低层级评价(大小、音质)中，偏好自然声的游客和偏好人工声的游客无显著差异，低层级评价具有稳定性；而在高层级评价(效价、偏好和唤醒)中，偏好人工声的游客更关注古镇声景观的淳朴性和遗产性。因此，游客对声景观的主观评价可视为一种指标，判断景区声景所处的评价阶段，从而为景区声景观改善提供更有针对性的建议。     

冲击阻尼板的尺寸辨识与声线索提取

针对冲击板的物理属性辨识问题,研究了尺寸辨识的恒定声线索提取及其在听觉感知中所起的作用。设计并完成了三组主观评价实验,实验1分析了录音和合成声作为声刺激对尺寸辨识的影响。实验2和实验3分别针对铝板和木板的冲击声,通过不相似主观评价实验获得尺寸辨识的感知空间和对应力学空间维度,计算了不同声特征的信息精确度。最后,对比实验2和实验3的结果给出了尺寸辨识的恒定声线索,根据声线索与感知结果的相关性分析了听者的尺寸感知策略。结果表明,听者利用录音和合成声均获得了较好的尺寸辨识结果,且听者趋向于利用与尺寸有关的恒定声线索来完成感知任务,而忽略那些容易受其他声源属性影响的声信息。      

几类典型环境声的主观评价及感知特性分析

近年来,通过“注入”调控声以降低交通噪声烦恼感的声频注入法受到广泛关注。以交通噪声调控研究为背景,通过成对比较评价了4类典型声音(实验一)和4类典型交通噪声(实验二)的烦恼感。结果表明,有调声(纯音和复音)烦恼度最高,自然声最低(海潮声最佳),蓝色噪声是仅次于海潮声令人感觉舒适的声音;被试对交通噪声和白噪声的评价存在明显的分类偏好。分析心理声学特征发现人对声音的感知依赖于多方面因素,但声刺激的某一因素(如粗糙度或音调特别高)特别突出则会引起极大的反感。构建不相似度二维感知空间,维度1反映了声音类型间的差异,维度2表征了被试对不同类型声音的烦恼度评价;并且通过相关分析发现它们与谱结构参量相关性较强。接下来的研究中,可以通过调整交通噪声的谱下降值和时域上升时间等参量使其谱结构更接近于自然声,从而降低噪声烦恼度。     

浣花溪公园不同景观空间下的声景观特性研究

该文以成都市浣花溪公园为研究对象,通过对景观空间中声环境的综合研究探究其声景观特性,以此作为营造城市声环境的有效依据。文章首先通过声压级、声景观多样性指数和清晰度指数来定量探讨公园中17种景观空间下的声环境异同;然后以声景观舒适度指数和重要性-满意度-清晰度模型对12种声音类型进行主客观评价;最后通过声景观提升指数综合反映各景观空间下声景观的提升重点。研究发现,声景观会受到基底-覆盖-围合层面的不同类型和组合的影响,尤其在建设面开敞和绿色半开敞或绿色半封闭空间中得到社会声和自然声最为明显;声景提升应重点关注风声、鸟声、水声、昆虫声和音响声在对应景观空间中的利用。     

城市公园声景观危险度评价研究

针对城市公园声景观易受周围环境影响而损耗其景观价值这一问题,应用模糊层次分析法,通过自然、生活和机械3个准则层因素和17个指标层因素构建城市公园声景观危险度评价体系,以福州市闽江公园为例,研究城市公园声景观受负面影响因子损耗的可能性大小。结果表明,闽江公园声景观危险度总体评价结果为中度危险Ⅲ。指标层中,隶属极度危险Ⅴ的指标为修建施工声;隶属重度危险Ⅳ的为电闪雷鸣声;隶属中度危险Ⅲ的有:清洁机器声、大雨瓢泼声、车辆交通声、说话嬉戏声、狂风呼啸声、猫叫犬吠声、鞭炮烟花声、跳舞音响声和练嗓唱歌声;其余指标危险度均低于中度危险Ⅲ。评价结果符合实际,为今后城市公园声景观危险度研究提供了有效方法。     

Perception of urban park soundscape

A number of studies have been initiated to explore how to improve the soundscape quality in urban parks. However, good soundscape quality in parks cannot be provided without a thorough understanding of the complex relationships among sound, environment, and individuals. As acoustic comfort is considered to be an important outcome of soundscape quality, this study investigates the relative impacts of the factors influencing acoustic comfort evaluation by formulating a multivariate ordered logit model. This study also explores the inter-relationships among acoustic comfort evaluation, acceptability of the environment, and preference to stay in a park using a path model. A total of 595 valid responses were obtained from interview surveys administered in four parks in Hong Kong while objective sound measurements were carried out at the survey spots concurrently. The findings unveil that acoustic comfort evaluation, besides visual comfort evaluation of landscape, also plays an important role on users' acceptability of the urban park environment. Compared with all the studied acoustic related factors, acoustic comfort evaluation serves as a better proxy for park users' preference to stay in urban parks. Hearing the breeze will significantly increase the likelihood of individuals in giving high acoustic comfort evaluation. Conversely, hearing the sounds from heavy vehicles or sounds from bikes will significantly reduce the likelihood in giving a high acoustic evaluation.     

The effect of sound level on perception of reproduced soundscapes

The aim of this work was to investigate the perception of soundscape reproduced by an ambisonic reproduction system on a horizontal plane, how the experience of space affected the perception of soundscape reproduction, and how the sound level adjustment on soundscape reproduction affected the perception of soundscape compared with actual conditions. There were three experiments conducted: a soundwalk in situ in Manchester (United Kingdom) city centre, listening tests in Salford (United Kingdom), and listening tests in Bandung (Indonesia). The listening tests used material recorded from four locations on the soundwalk route in Manchester. The Salford listening tests were performed at the in-situ measured sound level, and the participants were asked to adjust the sound level to the level that represents actual locations. The listening test in Bandung was conducted to understand the effect of participants who never come to the actual location to the perception of soundscape and the sound level adjustment. The listening tests in Bandung were conducted at the in situ sound level, at 9.5 dB below the in situ sound level (based on the preference sound level from the experiment in Salford), and the participants were also requested to adjust the sound level to the level that represents the actual space (to examine the consistency with the experiment in Salford). In each case, soundscape perception was measured on 19 semantic differential scales. Analysis of the semantic differential results showed that the ambisonic reproduction produced a similar subjective experience to the in situ soundwalk when the reproduction sound level was 9.5 dB lower than the actual sound level in situ. Reproduction at the actual sound level in situ produced a different dimensional space. The study shows that the sound level adjustment of soundscape reproduction in laboratory experiment produces more ecologically valid results compared to the reproduction at the actual sound level in situ.     

Design optimization of wide-band Tonpilz piezoelectric transducer with a bending piezoelectric disk on the radiation surface

There is a need for a model that identifies underlying dimensions of soundscape perception, and which may guide measurement and improvement of soundscape quality. With the purpose to develop such a model, a listening experiment was conducted. One hundred listeners measured 50 excerpts of binaural recordings of urban outdoor soundscapes on 116 attribute scales. The average attribute scale values were subjected to principal components analysis, resulting in three components: Pleasantness, eventfulness, and familiarity, explaining 50, 18 and 6% of the total variance, respectively. The principal-component scores were correlated with physical soundscape properties, including categories of dominant sounds and acoustic variables. Soundscape excerpts dominated by technological sounds were found to be unpleasant, whereas soundscape excerpts dominated by natural sounds were pleasant, and soundscape excerpts dominated by human sounds were eventful. These relationships remained after controlling for the overall soundscape loudness (Zwicker's N(10)), which shows that 'informational' properties are substantial contributors to the perception of soundscape. The proposed principal components model provides a framework for future soundscape research and practice. In particular, it suggests which basic dimensions are necessary to measure, how to measure them by a defined set of attribute scales, and how to promote high-quality soundscapes.     

Non-auditory factors affecting urban soundscape evaluation

The aim of this study is to characterize urban spaces, which combine landscape, acoustics, and lighting, and to investigate people's perceptions of urban soundscapes through quantitative and qualitative analyses. A general questionnaire survey and soundwalk were performed to investigate soundscape perception in urban spaces. Non-auditory factors (visual image, day lighting, and olfactory perceptions), as well as acoustic comfort, were selected as the main contexts that affect soundscape perception, and context preferences and overall impressions were evaluated using an 11-point numerical scale. For qualitative analysis, a semantic differential test was performed in the form of a social survey, and subjects were also asked to describe their impressions during a soundwalk. The results showed that urban soundscapes can be characterized by soundmarks, and soundscape perceptions are dominated by acoustic comfort, visual images, and day lighting, whereas reverberance in urban spaces does not yield consistent preference judgments. It is posited that the subjective evaluation of reverberance can be replaced by physical measurements. The categories extracted from the qualitative analysis revealed that spatial impressions such as openness and density emerged as some of the contexts of soundscape perception.     

Soundscape evaluation in Han Chinese Buddhist temples

In this study, surveys were conducted at four typical Han Chinese Buddhist temples. These surveys were then analyzed to identify the subjective and objective factors of soundscape evaluation. Field measurements of the four temples’ sound levels were taken over the course of an entire day, and the representative sounds in temples were recorded. Soundscape evaluation questionnaire surveys were distributed at the temples. The analytical results of the questionnaire and measurement data showed that the sound preferences in temples are significantly correlated with sharpness value of the sounds in terms of psychoacoustic parameters, and the average sound levels at the four temples over the course of an entire day were between 47.0 and 52.7 dBA, and approximately 70% of those surveyed tended to evaluate the temples’ soundscapes as comfortable and harmonious. Regarding the objective factors, there was a significant correlation between the measured sound levels and the soundscape evaluations. When the sound level of a temple was higher than 60 dBA, respondents were more likely to feel uncomfortable, and the correlation between the sound level and the evaluation of acoustic comfort substantially increased. Regarding the subjective factors, the respondent’s age, occupation, religious belief, purpose, frequency of visiting the temples, and educational level significantly correlated with the soundscape evaluation with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.13 to 0.35.