农作物秸杆中钾元素的回收与利用

土壤钾素亏缺严重限制了我国农业生产的发展,现有钾资源已经不能满足我国农业需要,目前钾资源的开发主要集中在海水和钾矿,而农作物秸杆作为我国的富钾资源,其利用效率和质量都不尽人意,对秸杆的利用大多还停留在田间焚烧、直接还田以及用作牲畜饲料等传统途径,其利用率还不足40%,秸杆的进一步开发应该引起足够的重视。     

非离子型表面活性剂辅助酶水解玉米秸杆蒸爆渣

研究纤维素酶对蒸汽爆破预处理玉米秸杆的水解过程. 实验结果表明,玉米秸杆蒸爆渣中的木质素对纤维素酶存在非生产性吸附,降低了纤维素酶对玉米秸杆蒸爆渣的水解率;通过添加非离子型表面活性剂PEG 6000,减少纤维素酶的非生产性吸附,改善纤维素酶对玉米秸杆蒸爆渣的水解性能;在pH值为4.8,温度为50℃,PEG 6000浓度为3.5g/L的优化条件下,纤维素酶水解玉米秸杆蒸爆渣48h,还原糖水解率和葡萄糖水解率分别为83.61%和64.15%.     

污泥焚烧过程中Cd的迁移与转化特征

在一维固定燃烧炉上进行了污泥层燃模拟实验,重点研究了不同焚烧温度、停留时间、含水率及不同空气过剩系数条件下Cd的迁移和转化特征,并利用4种固体吸附剂CaO、Al2O3、粉煤灰和高岭土对污泥焚烧过程中Cd的排放进行吸附去除.研究结果表明,随着焚烧温度的升高,底渣中Cd有一定的挥发,并且焚烧底渣中Cd的可氧化态和易还原态会向残渣态转化,有利于降低焚烧底渣中Cd的生物可利用性.随着焚烧时间的延长,对焚烧过程中Cd的挥发影响不大,但可使焚烧底渣中Cd的易还原态和可氧化态向残渣态转化.焚烧过程中含水率对重金属Cd的残留率影响较大,当含水率达超过75%后,底渣中Cd残留率会明显降低,并且随着含水率的增加,底渣中Cd的可氧化态会向易还原态转化,而残渣态的比例变化不大.空气过剩系数在1~1.5之间时,焚烧底渣中Cd的含量、残留率及Cd可氧化态所占的比例变化不大,当从1.5升至2时,底渣中Cd的含量及残留率大幅度降低,并且底渣中Cd基本上以残渣态存在.污泥焚烧过程中4种固体吸附剂的加入有利于Cd的残留并固定在焚烧底渣中,并且随着固体吸附剂添加比例的增多,Cd的残留率也逐渐增加,吸附剂粉煤灰和高岭土要优于CaO和Al2O3.     

O2/CO2气氛下污泥/煤混燃中半挥发性重金属的释放特性

在固定床焚烧实验装置上,采用正交实验法研究了焚烧温度(t_c)、污泥掺混比(X_s)、O_2体积分数(φ_(O2))、初始含水率(φ_(H2O))、焚烧时间(τ)和含氯量(φ_(Cl))六个因素对O_2/CO_2气氛下污泥/煤混燃中半挥发性重金属(Zn、Pb、Cd、Cu、Ni和Cr)释放特性的影响。结果表明,六种因素对重金属释放率影响程度排序为t_cX_sφ_(H2O)φ_(O2)≈τφ_(Cl)。相同焚烧工况下,Zn释放率最大,Pb和Cd次之,Cu、Ni和Cr较小。提高温度会促进重金属释放,且高温(1000-1100℃)对重金属释放的影响显著强于低温(700-900℃)。随着温度由700℃升高至1100℃,Zn和Pb释放率分别由36.1%和12.2%上升至70.9%和63.5%,Cd在900℃下达到40.0%的最大释放率,而Cu、Ni和Cr释放率大都维持在20.0%以下,温度对重金属释放率影响程度排序为PbZnCdCuCrNi。重金属释放率随着污泥掺混比增加逐渐下降,却随着初始含水率增加呈现波浪式变化趋势,且在30%O_2体积分数下重金属释放率取得最小值。焚烧时间和含氯量对Pb释放的影响程度显著强于其他五种重金属。O_2/CO_2气氛下污泥/煤混燃的最佳工况为:焚烧温度为900-1000℃、污泥掺混比为25%左右、O_2体积分数为30%、初始含水率小于10%,并尽可能的缩短焚烧时间。     

垃圾焚烧中氯化物对重金属Pb迁移转化特性的影响

采用管式炉和模拟垃圾对垃圾中氯化物对重金属Pb迁移转化特性的影响进行了研究,使用ICP-AES(美国EPA消解方法)、SEM、EDS和XRD等对重金属浓度、灰渣表面形貌、成分和灰渣X射线衍射物相等进行了分析。结果表明,氯化物含量的增加使得Pb生成更多易挥发性物质,从而向飞灰迁移分布,但有机氯PVC的影响比无机氯NaCl的大。无机氯NaCl和有机氯PVC对焚烧中Pb迁移转化作用机理不同,NaCl易与Pb反应生成PbCl2,而PVC与Pb反应除了生成PbCl2外,还生成了Pb(ClO4)2、PbCl2O4和PbO2。同时焚烧温度和停留时间也是焚烧中Pb迁移分布的两个主要影响因素。     

HPLC测定饮料中糖类

我们采用高效液相色谱仪,以国产固定相YWG—NH_2,示差检测器测定果汁、果酒、啤酒,甜高梁秸杆汁等中的蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖,麦芽糖含量,获得满意结果。     

苯氯乙酮焚烧销毁机理及作业参数优化

根据燃烧理论和苯氯乙酮的化学结构,分析了焚烧法销毁苯氯乙酮的反应机理和影响焚烧销毁效果的主要因素,确定了苯氯乙酮完全燃烧的反应产物与反应方程式。 通过焚烧实验研究了一燃室和二燃室温度、单次进料量、进料时间间隔对苯氯乙酮焚烧销毁效果的影响,据此优化确定了利用特种危险化学品焚烧销毁装置焚烧销毁苯氯乙酮的主要作业参数。 结果表明,在过剩空气系数为2.5、单次进料量400 g、一燃室温度800 ℃、二燃室温度1200 ℃、进料时间间隔3 min的条件下,利用实验设备能科学有效焚烧销毁苯氯乙酮。     

多氯萘的来源及环境污染特征研究

多氯萘(PCNs)具有和二口恶英类(PCDD/Fs)相似的结构和毒性,在全球的环境和生物样品中都能被检测到.本文介绍了环境中PCNs的主要来源和环境归宿,重点介绍了焚烧和金属冶炼等过程中PCNs的排放特征,归纳了当前全球环境介质和生物体中PCNs的污染水平和分布特征,对我国多种环境介质和生物体中PCNs污染水平和分布特征的相关研究进行了归纳和讨论.最后提出了PCNs相关研究领域研究进展与面临的挑战.     

利用旋风炉玻璃化处理垃圾焚烧飞灰实验研究

在自行设计的旋风炉实验台上对焚烧飞灰进行玻璃化熔融实验,系统研究了焚烧飞灰熔融前后微观形貌、灰渣中重金属特性和浸出特性。实验结果表明,焚烧飞灰旋风熔融后成黑色的脆硬玻璃态熔渣,表层呈浅黄色。在熔渣中N i、Cr的固溶率最高,均超过95%以上;低熔点重金属多数挥发至熔融烟气和熔融烟道飞灰颗粒中,Cd的固溶率仅有21%,Pb和Zn部分固溶于玻璃态熔渣中,两者固溶率可达42%以上。Cu和As的固溶率分别为37%和18%。熔融后的玻璃态熔渣重金属浸出率明显低于熔融前的焚烧飞灰,且均低于美国EPA的标准限值。     

基于元素分析的污泥焚烧处置综合性评估

污泥的无害化处置和资源化利用是目前社会关注的重点,对污泥泥质的综合性评估是污泥处置和利用的前提。采用8个地区的出厂污泥,基于元素分析结果,综合考虑其碳排放量和风险性,对污泥“焚烧+灰渣利用”处置方式进行综合性评估。污泥的工业分析发现地区1、7、8污泥中的干基低位发热量均值分别为11.60 MJ/kg、10.39 MJ/kg和12.04 MJ/kg,有机物含量均值为53.98%、51.23%和54.97%,发热量和有机成分显著较高,发热量和有机成分存在显著正相关关系（p<0.05）。而地区1、2、6污泥的重金属含量较高,8个地区的污泥浸出液中镍、铜、锌所占比例较大,占总体约90%。从碳排放和风险性分析可得,地区1、7、8的碳补偿量分别为958.59 kgCO2/t、909.08 kgCO2/t和963.39 kgCO2/t,碳补偿量较大,总碳排放量较小,但地区1污泥在采用制砖、水泥熟料处置时综合污染指数分别为0.72和0.71,在污染警戒范围（0.7~1.0）。结果表明,地区1、7、8的出厂污泥宜采用“焚烧+灰渣利用”处置方式,但地区1污泥处置时需关注重金属污染风险。污泥的元素分析能为污泥的焚烧处置提供科学性指导。     

白云石添加剂对稻秆灰熔融特性及固钾能力的影响

在管式炉中研究了稻草秸秆的结渣特性与白云石作为添加剂对稻秆燃烧结渣的影响及其机理。采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)和X射线衍射(XRD)表征了稻秆灰分与白云石之间的相互作用。结果表明,当白云石添加质量分数为5%时,对稻秆的结渣特性具有明显的改善。白云石具有较好的固钾能力,在900和1000℃下尤为明显。白云石中富含的Mg和Ca元素能够与稻秆灰分中的SiO_2反应形成高熔点的硅酸盐矿物,包括透辉石、钙镁橄榄石和镁硅钙石。     

Characterization of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives in emissions from wood and cereal straw combustion

The organic extracts of emissions from burning wood and cereal straw were fractionated by high-performance liquid chromatography. The polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) derivatives in the moderately polar fraction were characterized by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The compounds identified included ketone, quinone, carboxaldehyde and carbonitrile derivatives of PAH.     

Pretreatments of wheat straw for possibility use in maintenance-free compressed green roof substrates

Green roofs are a key measure used to alleviate the urban heat island effect and reduce stagnant water from urban runoff. However, the expensive substrate material and high construction cost restrict the large-scale application of green roofs. Wheat straw (WS) contains abundant nutrients needed for plant growth; however, burning this straw waste causes severe environmental pollution. In this study, six pretreatment methods, including mixed, soaked, hydrothermal, ultrasonic, microwave, and steam explosion, and three liquid media, including deionized water, acetic acid, and wood vinegar, were used to treat WS to improve its properties and decrease its environmental pollution effects. The results showed that, compared to other treatments, physical methods (microwave, ultrasonic) used in conjunction with wood vinegar could effectively break down the particle structure of WS and increase porosity. Most of the crystallinities were reduced by 1.45–6.66% compared to WS when using these methods, and the absolute values of the surface zeta potential were reduced by 4.224.67 mV. Additionally, the contents of macromolecular lignocellulose, which is difficult to decompose, were reduced by 3.6613.75%. Compared with the use of deionized water or acetic acid, wood vinegar reduced the compressive force of the WS substrates and the energy consumption of compression. Hydrophilic groups such as hydroxyl were introduced into the WS to increase the water absorption rate. Overall, the microwave-assisted wood vinegar pretreatment was an effective method for improving the WS properties for use as a potential alternative substrate material in green roof construction.

     

A sustainable approach for soil amendment; available plant nutrients in rice straws

The main aim of this study is to estimate the potential of mitigating the soil degradation by the utilization of rice straws, In every crop huge quantity of crop residue is generated along with the food grains. Only small part of the crop residue is used as cattle feed and other applications, significant quantity of these crop residues are either left unutilized or disposed by means of open field burning by the farmers, because other disposal options are not economically viable for the farmers. Consequences of open field burning of crop residues in India are, contribution of particulate matter in the atmosphere, emission of CO₂, CO, NH₃, NO_x, SO_x, and smog. On burning of crop residue heat produced is also accounted for the damage of microbes and other nutrients also present on the top layer of the soil, loss of organic carbon; it adversely affects soil fertility and productivity. It has a great economic potential as it contains high carbon content and significant amount of other essential plant nutrients which are required for plant growth. Sun dried rice straw samples were collected and analysed for primary nutrients (C, H, S, N, P₂O₅ and K₂O) required for plant growth. Moisture content was 11.70%, Elemental analysis of paddy straw on dry basis was found C = 36.04%, H = 5.25%, S = 0.28% & N = 0.69% P₂O₅ = 0.43% and K₂O = 0.64% in the kharif season 2021. These elements were quantified by using different advanced analytical techniques.     

Evaluating the Potential for Smoke from Stubble Burning to Taint Grapes and Wine

It has been well established that bushfire/wildfire smoke can taint grapes (and therefore wine), depending on the timing and duration of exposure, but the risk of smoke contamination from stubble burning (a practice employed by some grain growers to prepare farmland for sowing) has not yet been established. This study exposed excised bunches of grapes to smoke from combustion of barley straw and pea stubble windrows to investigate the potential for stubble burning to elicit smoke taint. Increased levels of volatile phenols (i.e., chemical markers of smoke taint) were detected in grapes exposed to barley straw smoke (relative to control grapes), with smoke density and the duration of smoke exposure influencing grape volatile phenols. However, the sensory panel did not perceive wine made from grapes exposed to low-density smoke to be tainted, despite the presence of low levels of syringol providing compositional evidence of smoke exposure. During the pea stubble burn, grapes positioned amongst the burning windrows or on the edge of the pea paddock were exposed to smoke for ~15–20 and 30–45 min, respectively, but this only resulted in 1 µg/kg differences in the cresol and/or syringol concentrations of smoke-affected grapes (and 1 µg/L differences for wine), relative to controls. A small, but significant increase in the intensity of smoke aroma and burnt rubber flavor of wine made from the grapes positioned amongst the burning pea stubble windrows provided the only sensory evidence of any smoke taint. As such, had vineyards been located immediately downwind from the pea stubble burn, it is unlikely that there would have been any smoke contamination of unharvested grapes.     

One Step Conversion of Wheat Straw to Sugars by Simultaneous Ball Milling, Mild Acid, and Fungus Penicillium simplicissimum Treatment

Wheat straw is one of the major lignocellulosic plant residues in many countries including China. An attractive alternative is the utilization of wheat straw for bioethanol production. This article mainly studies a simple one-step wet milling with Penicillium simplicissimum and weak acid to hydrolysis of wheat straw. The optimal condition for hydrolysis was ball milling 48?h in citrate solvent (pH?=?4) with P. simplicissimum H5 at the speed of 500?rpm and the yield of sugar increased with increased milling time. Corresponding structure transformations before and after milling analyzed by X-ray diffraction, transmission Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and environmental scanning electron microscopy clearly indicated that this combined treatment could be attributed to the crystalline and chemical structure changes of cellulose in wheat straw during ball milling. This combined treatment of ball milling, mild acid, and fungus hydrolysis enabled the conversion of the wheat straw. Compared with traditional method of ball milling, this work showed a more simple, novel, and environmentally friendly way in mechanochemical treatment of wheat straw.     

生物质与煤混燃灰的比电阻特性实验研究

以玉米秸、麦秸、锯末纯燃并以不同比例与煤混燃,利用DR型高压粉尘比电阻实验台对灰样比电阻R进行测量, 以AAS对灰样化学成分进行分析。结果表明,纯生物质燃料灰R值为10⁸Ω·cm~10¹0Ω·cm,属于中比电阻。混燃灰样的R值均为10⁸Ω·cm~10¹2Ω·cm。麦秸与煤的混燃灰中,掺混率R_t对比电阻R的影响不明显;玉米秸与煤的混燃灰中,在110℃以下,R_t越高,R越低;在110℃以上,R_t越高,R越大。生物质与煤的混燃改变了燃料的燃烧特性及熔融特性,使灰的物理特性和化学成分、含量发生变化,造成混燃灰比电阻与煤灰比电阻的规律存在一定的差异。     

Methods for the determination of levoglucosan and other sugar anhydrides as biomass burning tracers in environmental samples – A review

Nowadays, there is a great pressure on finding an alternative source of energy. One such source is biomass combustion. Biomass is any organic matter such as wood, crops, seaweed, and animal wastes that during combustion emits energy but also smoke and solid residue. Biomass burning tracers, such as levoglucosan, mannosan and galactosan, are sugar anhydrides produced during burning of biomass that contain cellulose and hemicellulose. Analysis of environmental samples for tracers is the source of information about the type of biofuel burned. In this article, a literature review of the preparation and determination of biomass burning tracers for environmental samples was presented. The review discusses the preparation of different samples (particulate matter, soils, sediments, biological samples), extraction, derivatization, and determination. Amongst determination methods the most popular was gas chromatography with mass spectrometry but other techniques were also used, such as high‐performance liquid chromatography with aerosol charge detection, capillary electrophoresis with pulsed amperometric detection, and ion chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection.     

Development of two-dimensional gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry for the stable carbon isotopic analysis of C(2)-C(5) non-methane hydrocarbons emitted from biomass burning

A two-dimensional gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (2D-GC/C/IRMS) system was developed for stable carbon isotopic measurements of C(2)-C(5) non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) in biomass burning smoke. The 2D-GC/C/IRMS system successfully improved the accuracy and precision for the measurements of C(4) and C(5) saturated compounds in a smoke sample by selective injection of target compounds into a combustion furnace and consequently allowed us to provide complete baseline separation for all individual NMHCs. The analytical precision of the delta(13)C of each compound was better than 0.5 per thousand for more than 500 pmolC injections and 2.1 per thousand for 30 pmolC injections, which was estimated from replicate analysis of standard gases. This system was applied to the analysis of NMHCs in smoke samples collected from laboratory biomass burning experiments. From the combustion of three fuel materials (rice straw, pine wood, and maize), we found that the isotopic fractionation between fuel material and individual NMHCs is almost independent of the fuel material and thus the delta(13)C values of the fuel materials are reflected in delta(13)C values of most of NMHCs. However, only i-butane emitted from maize combustion showed anomalous (13)C-depletion of -11.6 per thousand relative to the delta(13)C value of maize. Such a large (13)C depletion suggests the specific isotopic fractionation process which is attributed to the maize combustion itself or the chemical properties of i-butane during production from a radical recombination reaction.     

Long-term influence of manure and mineral nitrogen applications on plant and soil 15N and 13C values from the Broadbalk Wheat Experiment

The Broadbalk Wheat Experiment at Rothamsted Research in the UK provides a unique opportunity to investigate the long-term impacts of environmental change and agronomic practices on plants and soils. We examined the influence of manure and mineral fertiliser applications on temporal trends in the stable N ((15)N) and C ((13)C) isotopes of wheat collected during 1968-1979 and 1996-2005, and of soil collected in 1966 and 2000. The soil delta(15)N values in 1966 and 2000 were higher in manure than the mineral N supplied soil; the latter had similar or higher delta(15)N values than non-fertilised soil. The straw delta(15)N values significantly decreased in all N treatments during 1968 to 1979, but not for 1996-2005. The straw delta(15)N values decreased under the highest mineral N supply (192 kg N ha(-1) year(-1)) by 3 per thousand from 1968 to 1979. Mineral N supply significantly increased to straw delta(13)C values in dry years, but not in wet years. Significant correlations existed between wheat straw delta(13)C values with cumulative rainfall (March to June). The cultivar Hereward (grown 1996-2005) was less affected by changes in environmental conditions (i.e. water stress and fertiliser regime) than Cappelle Desprez (1968-1979). We conclude that, in addition to fertiliser type and application rates, water stress and, importantly, plant variety influenced plant delta(13)C and delta(15)N values. Hence, water stress and differential variety response should be considered in plant studies using plant delta(13)C and delta(15)N trends to delineate past or recent environmental or agronomic changes.