Apollonian度量与Apollonian边界条件

证明了(1)■中真子域D上的Apollonian度量αD是拟共形映射的拟不变量;(2)■中严格一致域是拟共形不变的;(3)■中的Jordan域D是拟圆当且仅当D是严格一致域,作为应用,进一步得到了Apollonian边界条件,拟共形映射和局部Lipschitz映射之间的关系。     

Apollonian等距与Mobius变换

设D是R²中至少包含三个边界点的单连通区域, 对任意x, y∈ D, aD(x, y)表示D中关于x, y两点的Apollonian度量．1998年A. F. Beardon猜测: 若f: D→ D是Apollonian等距映射,则f必是D上的Mobius变换.在该文中作者对D是圆的情况肯定并证明了A. F. Beardon的上述猜想     

Apollonian等距与Mbius变换

设D是~2中至少包含三个边界点的单连通区域,对任意x,y∈D,α_D(x,y)表示D中关于x,y两点的Apollonian度量．1998年A．F．Beardon猜测：若f：D→D是Apollonian等距映射,则f必是D上的Mbius变换．在该文中作者对D是圆的情况肯定并证明了A．F．Beardon的上述猜想．     

圆上的Apollonian度量与双曲度量

设D是R^-2中至少包含三个边界点的单连通区域,对任意x,y∈D,αD(x,y)和hD(x,y)分别表示D中关于x,Y两点的Apollonian度量和双曲度量．文中肯定并证明了A．F．Beardon于1998年提出的猜想：对任意x,y∈D,αD(x,y)=hD(x,y)成立的充要条件是D为圆。     

拟圆的三个充要条件

设D是(-R2)中的Jordan域,D*=(-R2)\(-D)是D的外部,本文证明了拟圆的下面三个充要条件(1)D是拟圆当且仅当D和D*都是弱拟凸域;(2)D是拟圆当且仅当D和D*都是弱Cigar域;(3)D是拟圆当且仅当D是弱一致域.     

高维空间中的有界凸域

证明n维空间中的有界凸域D能被拟共形映射到n维单位球B~n(0,1),即D是拟球,从而说明拟共形映射中的黎曼定理在n维空间中的有界凸域类中是成立的．     

拟共形映射和弱John域

作为John域的推广,本文定义了弱John域,并讨论了弱John域与拟圆、弱John域与拟共形映射之间的关系,得到(1)若R2中的Jordan域D和它的外部D*=R2\D均是弱John域,则D是拟圆;(2)R2中的弱John域是拟共不变的;(3)R2中的有界拟圆必是弱John域.最后构造例子说明R2中的无界拟圆不一定是弱John域.     

内部边界球可达域和拟共形映射的Hlder连续性

定义了内部边界球可达域,利用曲线族的模证明了D是R~n中的有界Jordan域,f:B~n→D是K-拟共形映射,若D是内部边界球可达域,则f∈H_(1/K)(B~n).     

拟共形映射和弱John域

作为John域的推广,本文定义了弱John域,并讨论了弱John域与拟圆、弱John域与拟共形 映射之间的关系,得到(1)若(?)。中的Jordan域D和它的外部 均是弱John域,则D 是拟圆;(2)R2中的弱John域是拟共不变的;(3)R2中的有界拟圆必是弱John域．最后构造例子 说明R2中的无界拟圆不一定是弱John域．     

一致域和最大-最小不等式性质

引入区域的最大最小不等式性质,研究最大最小不等式性质和一致域的关系,得到了下述结果: (1)区域的最大最小不等式性质具有拟共形不变性; (2)如果区域D是一致域,则D具有最大最小不等式性质; (3)若D和它的外部D=R2\D具有最大-最小不等式性质,则D是R2中的一致域.     

Apollonian Circle Packings: Geometry and Group Theory I. The Apollonian Group

Apollonian circle packings arise by repeatedly filling the interstices between four mutually tangent circles with further tangent circles. We observe that there exist Apollonian packings which have strong integrality properties, in which all circles in the packing have integer curvatures and rational centers such that (curvature) $\times$ (center) is an integer vector. This series of papers explain such properties. A Descartes configuration is a set of four mutually tangent circles with disjoint interiors. An Apollonian circle packing can be described in terms of the Descartes configuration it contains. We describe the space of all ordered, oriented Descartes configurations using a coordinate system $M_ D$ consisting of those $4 \times 4$ real matrices $W$ with $W^T Q_{D} \bW = Q_{W}$ where $Q_D$ is the matrix of the Descartes quadratic form $Q_D= x_1^2 + x_2^2+ x_3^2 + x_4^2 - \frac{1}{2}(x_1 +x_2 +x_3 + x_4)^2$ and $Q_W$ of the quadratic form $Q_W = -8x_1x_2 + 2x_3^2 + 2x_4^2$. On the parameter space $M_ D$ the group $\mathop{\it Aut}(Q_D)$ acts on the left, and $\mathop{\it Aut}(Q_W)$ acts on the right, giving two different "geometric" actions. Both these groups are isomorphic to the Lorentz group $O(3, 1)$. The right action of $\mathop{\it Aut}(Q_W)$ (essentially) corresponds to Mobius transformations acting on the underlying Euclidean space $\rr^2$ while the left action of $\mathop{\it Aut}(Q_D)$ is defined only on the parameter space. We observe that the Descartes configurations in each Apollonian packing form an orbit of a single Descartes configuration under a certain finitely generated discrete subgroup of $\mathop{\it Aut}(Q_D)$, which we call the Apollonian group. This group consists of $4 \times 4$ integer matrices, and its integrality properties lead to the integrality properties observed in some Apollonian circle packings. We introduce two more related finitely generated groups in $\mathop{\it Aut}(Q_D)$, the dual Apollonian group produced from the Apollonian group by a "duality" conjugation, and the super-Apollonian group which is the group generated by the Apollonian and dual Apollonian groups together. These groups also consist of integer $4 \times 4$ matrices. We show these groups are hyperbolic Coxeter groups.     

Apollonian packings and hyperbolic geometry

We review the generalized apollonian packings by Bessis and Demko from 3-dimensional viewpoints and solve their conjectures on the discreteness of the groups they constructed. Moreover, we systematically generalize the construction of packings in terms of the Coxeter group theory, and propose a computational algorithm to draw the pictures efficiently based on the automatic group theory.     

Irreducible Apollonian Configurations and Packings

An Apollonian configuration of circles is a collection of circles in the plane with disjoint interiors such that the complement of the interiors of the circles consists of curvilinear triangles. One well-studied method of forming an Apollonian configuration is to start with three mutually tangent circles and fill a curvilinear triangle with a new circle, then repeat with each newly created curvilinear triangle. More generally, we can start with three mutually tangent circles and a rule (or rules) for how to fill a curvilinear triangle with circles.     

Apollonian structure in the Abelian sandpile

The Abelian sandpile process evolves configurations of chips on the integer lattice by toppling any vertex with at least 4 chips, distributing one of its chips to each of its 4 neighbors. When begun from a large stack of chips, the terminal state of the sandpile has a curious fractal structure which has remained unexplained. Using a characterization of the quadratic growths attainable by integer-superharmonic functions, we prove that the sandpile PDE recently shown to characterize the scaling limit of the sandpile admits certain fractal solutions, giving a precise mathematical perspective on the fractal nature of the sandpile.     

Strong approximation in the Apollonian group

The Apollonian group is a finitely generated, infinite index subgroup of the orthogonal group OQ(Z) fixing the Descartes quadratic form Q. For nonzero v∈Z⁴ satisfying Q(v)=0, the orbits Pv=Av correspond to Apollonian circle packings in which every circle has integer curvature. In this paper, we specify the reduction of primitive orbits Pv mod any integer d>1. We show that this reduction has a multiplicative structure, and that mod primes p?5 it is the full cone of integer solutions to Q(v)≡0 for v?0. This analysis is an essential ingredient in applications of the affine linear sieve as developed by Bourgain, Gamburd and Sarnak.     

On integral Apollonian circle packings

The curvatures of four mutually tangent circles with disjoint interiors form what is called a Descartes quadruple. The four least curvatures in an integral Apollonian circle packing form what is called a root Descartes quadruple and, if the curvatures are relatively prime, we say that it is a primitive root quadruple. We prove a conjecture of Mallows by giving a closed formula for the number of primitive root quadruples with minimum curvature −n. An Apollonian circle packing is called strongly integral if every circle has curvature times center a Gaussian integer. The set of all such circle packings for which the curvature plus curvature times center is congruent to 1 modulo 2 is called the “standard supergasket.” Those centers in the unit square are in one-to-one correspondence with the primitive root quadruples and exhibit certain symmetries first conjectured by Mallows. We prove these symmetries; in particular, the centers are symmetric around y=x if n is odd, around x=1/2 if n is an odd multiple of 2, and around y=1/2 if n is a multiple of 4.     

Apollonian circle packings: number theory

Apollonian circle packings arise by repeatedly filling the interstices between mutually tangent circles with further tangent circles. It is possible for every circle in such a packing to have integer radius of curvature, and we call such a packing an integral Apollonian circle packing. This paper studies number-theoretic properties of the set of integer curvatures appearing in such packings. Each Descartes quadruple of four tangent circles in the packing gives an integer solution to the Descartes equation, which relates the radii of curvature of four mutually tangent circles: . Each integral Apollonian circle packing is classified by a certain root quadruple of integers that satisfies the Descartes equation, and that corresponds to a particular quadruple of circles appearing in the packing. We express the number of root quadruples with fixed minimal element −n as a class number, and give an exact formula for it. We study which integers occur in a given integer packing, and determine congruence restrictions which sometimes apply. We present evidence suggesting that the set of integer radii of curvatures that appear in an integral Apollonian circle packing has positive density, and in fact represents all sufficiently large integers not excluded by congruence conditions. Finally, we discuss asymptotic properties of the set of curvatures obtained as the packing is recursively constructed from a root quadruple.     

Higher dimensional Apollonian packings,revisited

The Apollonian circle and sphere packings are well known objects that have attracted the attention of mathematicians throughout the ages. The historically natural generalization of the procedure for generating the packing breaks down in higher dimensions, as it leads to overlapping hyperspheres. There is, however, an alternative interpretation that allows one to extend the concept to higher dimensions and in a unique way. For relatively small dimensions (2 through at least 8), those packings can be thought of as ample cones for classes of K3 surfaces. We describe the packings in some detail for dimensions 4 (with plenty of pictures), 5, and 6.