直接甲醇燃料电池三通道蛇形阳极流场两相流研究

本文针对配备三通道蛇形阳极流场的液态进料直接甲醇燃料电池阳极两相流及电池性能开展了实验研究.液态进料的直接甲醇燃料电池阳极流床内会形成二氧化碳气泡与甲醇溶液构成的两相流系统,其两相流特性受到电池流道设计、运行工况和工作角度的影响,并同时影响燃料电池的性能.本文设计了三通道蛇形流场,通过可视化实验得到直接甲醇燃料电池三通道蛇形阳极流场内的两相流特性随电流密度变化的规律,并研究了燃料电池在不同旋转角度下的两相流特性和电池性能.实验结果表明:在不同的旋转角度下,电池都体现出较好的工作性能.     

DMFC两相流及其对传质影响的研究

采用自制的实验系统对液态进料直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFC)阳极交叉指状流道内的两相况功特性进行了可视化实验研究.自制的DMFC单电池带有透明窗口,采用镀金的不锈钢阴极极板和透明的聚碳酸脂阳极流场板,电解质为Nafion117膜.实验过程中燃料电池的进口总管和出口总管是水平的,进口流道和出口流道是竖直的.实验发现,出口流道中典型的两相流流型是泡状流、而出口总管中的典型流型是弹状流.进口流道中的气弹和气柱导致了阳极传质恶化.     

质子交换膜燃料电池内传递现象的数值模拟

本文发展了一个质子交换膜燃料电池的三维数学模型,用于研究整个电池内的传递现象,模型全面考虑了流体 流动、热量传递、电化学动力学和多组分传递等物理化学过程。数值求解数学模型获得了电池内详细的温度、反应物浓度 和电流等的空间分布情况。为验证模型的正确性,将估算的电池性能与文献中的实验数据进行了比较。     

短时微重力条件下燃料电池性能实验研究

开展了不同重力情况下燃料电池性能的实验研究.利用微重力落塔,对常重力和微重力条件下燃料电池发电时其内部的两相流动开展了可视化现场观测.对重力因素对燃料电池内部传质过程的影响进行了分析和讨论.实验结果表明:当电流密度较大时,在微重力环境中燃料电池性能较常重力环境中的有较明显下降.由于微重力条件下浮升力的消失导致气体不能及时从流道中排出,进而对直接甲醇燃料电池内的传质过程产生负面影响.     

燃料电池概述

燃料电池在固定与分散电站、交通运输、移动电源等方面广阔的应用前景现已受到许多研究单位和公司的广泛关注，文章简要介绍了几种主要类型燃料电池(碱性燃料电池alkaline fuel cell，AFC)、磷酸燃料电池(phosphoric acid fuel cell，PAFC)、熔融碳酸盐燃料电池(molten carbonate fuel cell，MCFC)、固体氧化物燃料电池(solid oxide fuel cell，SOFC)、质子交换膜燃料电池(proton exchange membrane fuel cell，PEMFC)、直接醇类燃料电池(direct alcohol fuel cell，DAFC)的特点、研究状况、市场需求和技术挑战，初步探讨了我国燃料电池研究开发的前景。     

部分卸载时被动式燃料电池动态响应实验研究

对全被动式直接甲醇燃料电池在电流部分卸载情况下的输出电压动态响应开展了实验研究.实验结果显示,电流按照方波,后直角三角波、前直角三角波和等腰三角波加载/卸载时的燃料电池输出电压动态响应规律不尽相同.燃料电池在高电流强度加载时,不同甲醇溶液浓度时的电池输出电压比较接近.在电流部分卸载的情况下,1 mol/L甲醇溶液浓度时...     

温度对直接甲醇燃料电池动态性能的影响

利用可计算机控制的电子负载单元,本文实验研究了电池温度对液态进料直接甲醇燃料电池单体电池的稳态和动态性能的影响,并考察了该电池对电池温度变化的动态响应。实验结果表明:电池稳态性能随着电池温度的升高而提升,电池对动态负载的响应随着电池的温度的升高而变得更快和更稳定,升温过程中电池对电池温度变化的响应值要高于降温过程中对应的响应值。     

质子交换膜燃料电池动态特性实验研究

质子交换膜燃料电池动态特性的研究对于实际应用来说非常重要,实验研究了质子交换膜单体燃料电池在负载动态变化及启动过程中性能的响应.基于计算机控制的负载变化,得到了在不同进气加湿程度下电池性能在负载突变时的响应和在启动工况中的变化,结果表明电池电流对电压动态变换的响应很迅速,突变工况下电流密度出现了过增现象,高加湿程度的电池在设计启动过程中获得了更好的性能.     

直接甲醇燃料电池膜及阴极模拟

本文提出一个针对直接甲醇燃料电池膜及阴极的二维、多组分稳态数学模型．模型根据直接甲醇膜燃料电池膜及阴极运行工况特性,考虑质量、动量、组分守恒以及电池中的电化学过程而建立,并应用了计算流体动力学(CFD)技术．模拟结果表明传质对直接甲醇燃料电池的性能影响很大;本文还进行了直接甲醇燃料电池阴极水管理的初步探讨．     

工作角度对燃料电池性能影响的实验研究

工作角度对燃料电池内气体与水分的流动与分布产生影响进而影响电池性能.本文通过实验的方法研究了在氧气的不同流动方向工作下工作角度对电池的性能的影响.通过分析比较,得出不同条件下电池的最佳和最差工作模式.     

Electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide in a solid oxide electrolysis cell

Carbon dioxide is one of the greatest concerns worldwide, since it is not only a major greenhouse gas but also expected to be an important, sustainable resource for fuels and chemicals. The electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide, based on solid electrolyte membrane reactors, has the promise to overcome the limitations of the conventional catalytic reactors such as the limited conversion and kinetics, relatively low selectivity and high energy consumption. In this review, electrocatalysts and solid oxide electrolytes, both proton and oxide ion conductors as core materials in an electrochemical ceramic membrane reactor have been reviewed and particular emphasis is placed on their application to synthesize carbon monoxide and hydrogen.     

Morphology and formation mechanism of ceria nanoparticles by spray pyrolysis

Ceria-based materials are used in industrial applications such as catalyst supports, carbon monoxide reduction catalysts, and solid oxide fuel cell electrolytes. Various applications require different morphological particles. The ceria particles with various morphologies from the precursors of cerium(III) acetate hydrate, cerium(IV) nitrate hydrate, and cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate were prepared by spray pyrolysis (SP) because SP has the potential for simple and continuous process. The precursor behaviors and the particle morphologies were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis and by transmission electron microscopy. Four main morphologies of solid spherical, hollow spherical with a single pore, hollow concave, and hollow spherical with multiple pores were observed. The experimental results suggest that the morphological formation mechanism is highly correlated with the factors of precursor solubilities, solvent evaporation rates (droplet diameters), and precursor melting temperatures. In addition, total concentrations of cerium(III) in the ceria particles from various precursors were examined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.     

Reference electrodes for low-temperature gas sensors

The behavior of sodium oxide bronzes in contact with sodium-conducting solid electrolytes in atmospheres of oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and humid air was investigated. The exchange currents at the Na_xCoO_y/NASICON interface was determined. It is shown that among the sodium-cobalt oxide bronzes the β-phase of the composition Na_0.6CoO₂ is the most reversible one (exchange current 236 μA/cm²). Paper presented at the 1st Euroconference on Solid State Ionics, Zakynthos, Greece, 11–18 Sept. 1994     

Lithium-ion transport in inorganic solid state electrolyte

An overview of ion transport in lithium-ion inorganic solid state electrolytes is presented, aimed at exploring and designing better electrolyte materials. Ionic conductivity is one of the most important indices of the performance of inorganic solid state electrolytes. The general definition of solid state electrolytes is presented in terms of their role in a working cell(to convey ions while isolate electrons), and the history of solid electrolyte development is briefly summarized. Ways of using the available theoretical models and experimental methods to characterize lithium-ion transport in solid state electrolytes are systematically introduced. Then the various factors that affect ionic conductivity are itemized, including mainly structural disorder, composite materials and interface effects between a solid electrolyte and an electrode. Finally, strategies for future material systems, for synthesis and characterization methods, and for theory and calculation are proposed, aiming to help accelerate the design and development of new solid electrolytes.     

Oxide solid electrolytes under non-equilibrium conditions — Interfaces and ageing

This paper gives an overview of the materials transport processes which occur in oxide solid electrolytes subjected to a generalized thermodynamical potential gradient. The general equations allowing to describe the transport processes on the anionic and cationic sublattices are given. Kinetic demixing processes and microstructural changes leading to surface instabilities are analysed. Experimental results obtained with yttria-doped zirconia and gadolinium doped ceria illustrate the importance of these phenomena on the transport properties of the materials but also on their long term stability in operating conditions. Paper presented at the Patras Conference on Solid State Ionics — Transport Properties, Patras, Greece, Sept. 14–18, 2004.     

Cruising in ceramics—discovering new structures for all-solid-state batteries—fundamentals,materials, and performances

Energy storage research has drawn much attention recently due to increasing demand for carbon neutral electrical energy from renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydrothermal. Various electrochemical energy storage and conversion technologies are being considered for their integration into smart grid systems, of which batteries seem to play a vital role due to their wide range of energy densities. In this review, we provide the current status and recent advances in solid-state (ceramic) electrolytes based on inorganic compounds for all-solid-state batteries. This paper is specifically focused on the fundamentals, materials, and performances of solid electrolytes in batteries. A wide spectrum of inorganic solid-state electrolytes is presented in terms of their chemical composition, crystal structure, and ion conduction mechanism. Furthermore, the advantages and main issues associated with different types of inorganic solid electrolytes, including β-alumina, NASICON and LISICON-type, perovskites, and garnet-type for all-solid-state batteries are presented. Among these solid electrolytes, Zr and Ta-based Li-stuffed garnets exhibit high Li-ion conductivity, electrochemical stability window (up to 6  V/Li at room temperature), and chemical stability against reaction with molten elemental Li. However, their stability under humidity and carbon dioxide should be improved to decrease the fabrication and operational costs.     

Ionic conductivity of LiX-oligo(ethylene oxide)-perfluoro polymer ternary hybrids

Polymeric solid electrolytes were prepared from inorganic lithium salts, endo-acetylated oligo(ethylene oxide) and polyanions with perfluoro(ethylene) main chain. High ionic conductivity was found when these ternary hybrids took micro-segregated structures with continuous cylindrical conduction columns of lithium salt-oligo(ethylene oxide) in the sea of perfluoro-poly(electrolytes). The ionic conductivity of more than 10^?5 S/cm was established at room temperature without affecting the processibility and flexibility of resulting hybrid films.     

生物质气为燃料的燃料电池理论电动势计算

在以生物质气体为燃料的固体氧化物燃料电池体系中,通过热力学平衡分析编程计算出700-1200 K时气体中各物种例如H2、CO、CO2和CH4的平衡组成,从而得到以氧化钇稳定氧化锆(YSZ)为电解质的电池理论电动势．碳沉积对电动势有显著影响．通过计算可以推测比较适宜的操作温度和增湿条件．还计算了以掺杂氧化铈为电解质的电池电动势,相比氢气为燃料时,使用生物质气体导致的电动势的下降比使用YSZ为电解质的电池要小的多．     

Oxygen self-diffusion and ionic conductivity of oxide solid electrolytes

The self-diffusion coefficient for a stochastically nonuniform thermodynamic system is represented as the mean value of the transition rates. A model for the ionic transport in solid oxide electrolytes is proposed. The existence of percolation cluster of the doping cations is taken into account in the model. The maximum of the concentration dependence of the ionic conductivity is explained by the blocking effect and random distribution of traps. The problem of inconsistency of theoretical and experimental values for the pre-exponential factor is discussed and an approach is proposed to overcome this disagreement.     

Enhanced luminance efficiency of polymer light emitting diode by blending with ionic solid electrolytes

In this letter, we demonstrate that luminance efficiency of polymer light emitting diode can be significantly enhanced by adding a small amount of ionic solid electrolytes. Heterojunction polymer device, consist of MEH-PPV, C₆₀, methanofullerene([6,6}-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester) PCBM and/or PEO as the active materials. It has been found that blending of ionic solid electrolytes, such as polyethylene oxide into active layer, enhances the luminance efficiency of polymer device. It is believed that the optimized polymer morphology improves carrier mobility of MEH-PPV. Paper presented at the Third International Conference on Ionic Devices (ICID 2006), Chennai, Tamilnadu, India, Dec. 7–9, 2006.