Vector magnetic field in solar polar region

By means of ‘deep integration’ observations of a videomagnetograph the vector magnetic field was first systematically measured near the solar south polar region on April 12, 1997 when the Sun was in the minimal phase between the 22nd and 23rd solar cycle. It was found that the polar magnetic field deviated from the normal of solar surface by about 42.2° ± 3.2°, a stronger magnetic element may have smaller inclination, and that within the polar cap above heliolatitude of 50°, the unsigned and net flux densities were 7.8 × 10⁻⁴) T and −3.4×10⁻⁴T, respectively, and consequently, the unsigned and net fluxes were about 5.5 × 10²² and − 2.5 × 10²² Mx. The net magnetic flux, which belongs to the large-scale global magnetic field of the Sun, roughly appmaches the order of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) measured at distance of 1 AU. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 19791090).     

Stochastic Optimization for Adaptive Real-Time Wavefront Correction

We have investigated the performance of an adaptive optics system subjected to changing atmospheric conditions, under the guidance of the ALOPEX stochastic optimization. Atmospheric distortions are smoothed out by means of a deformable mirror, the shape of which can be altered in order to follow the rapidly changing atmospheric phase fluctuations. In a simulation model, the total intensity of the light measured on a central area of the image (masking area) is used as the cost function for our stochastic optimization algorithm, while the surface of the deformable mirror is approximated by a Zernike polynomial expansion. Atmospheric turbulence is simulated by a number of Kolmogorov filters. The method's effectiveness, that is its ability to follow the motion of the turbulent wavefronts, is studied in detail and as it pertains to the size of the mirror's masking area, to the number of Zernike polynomials used and to the degree of the algorithm's stochasticity in relation to the mean rate of change of atmospheric distortions. Computer simulations and a series of numerical experiments are reported to show the successful implementation of the method.     

Matching pursuits among shifted cauchy kernels in higher-dimensional spaces

Appealing to the Clifford analysis and matching pursuits, we study the adaptive decompositions of functions of several variables of finite energy under the dictionaries consisting of shifted Cauchy kernels. This is a realization of matching pursuits among shifted Cauchy kernels in higher-dimensional spaces. It offers a method to process signals in arbitrary dimensions.     

MATCHING PURSUITS AMONG SHIFTED CAUCHY KERNELS IN HIGHER-DIMENSIONAL SPACES

Appealing to the Clifford analysis and matching pursuits, we study the adaptive decompositions of functions of several variables of finite energy under the dictionaries consisting of shifted Cauchy kernels. This is a realization of matching pursuits among shifted Cauchy kernels in higher-dimensional spaces. It offers a method to process signals in arbitrary dimensions.     

The generalized hu-meyer formula for random kernels

A theory of Hilbert-space-valued traces and multiple integration is developed for kernels inL ²([0, 1]^p × Θ). The multiple Ogawa and the multiple Stratonovich integrals for such kernels are introduced and sufficient conditions for their existence are obtained. The derivation of the Hu-Meyer formula connecting the multiple Ogawa and the multiple Stratonovich integrals requires the introduction of traces of random kernels. Such a derivation is obtained under appropriate conditions. This research was supported by the National Science Foundation and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research Grant No. F49620 92 J 0154 and the Army Research Office Grant No. DAAL03-92-G-0008.     

Towards analytical model optimization in atmospheric tomography

Modern ground‐based telescopes rely on a technology called adaptive optics in order to compensate for the loss of angular resolution caused by atmospheric turbulence. Next‐generation adaptive optics systems designed for a wide field of view require a stable and high‐resolution reconstruction of the turbulent atmosphere. By introducing a novel Bayesian method, we address the problem via reconstructing the atmospheric turbulence strength profile and the turbulent layers simultaneously, where we only use wavefront measurements of incoming light from guide stars. Most importantly, we demonstrate how this method can be used for model optimization as well. We propose two different algorithms for solving the maximum a posteriori estimate: the first approach is based on alternating minimization and has the advantage of integrability into existing atmospheric tomography methods. In the second approach, we formulate a convex non‐differentiable optimization problem, which is solved by an iterative thresholding method. This approach clearly illustrates the underlying sparsity‐enforcing mechanism for the strength profile. By introducing a tuning/regularization parameter, an automated model reduction of the layer structure of the atmosphere is achieved. Using numerical simulations, we demonstrate the performance of our method in practice. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hankel integral operators and isometric interpolants on the line

The problem of finding an m × n continuous isometric matrix valued function with entries from the Wiener algebra on the line and with prespecified Fourier inverse transform on the half line is studied. Conditions for existence, uniqueness, and formulas for the solution of this problem are presented. Connections are made between the positive factorization indices of certain solutions to this problem and the dimensions of the kernels of Hankel operators based on the prespecified data alluded to above. The paper uses techniques and results developed in an earlier study of an interpolation problem on the circle. The main theorems are in fact continuous analogues of the latter.     

Divergenzverhalten mehrdimensionaler Shannonscher Abtastreihen

The behaviour of multidimensional Shannon sampling series for continuous functions is examined. A continuous function g ₁∈C ₀ [0,1]² with support in the rectangle [0,1] × [0,?] is indicated in the paper for which the two dimensional Shannon sampling series diverge almost everywhere in the rectangle [0,1] × [?,1]. This shows that the localization principle for Shannon sampling series cannot hold in two dimensions and in higher dimensions. The result solves a problem formulated by P.L. Butzer. Received: 21 December 1995 / Revised version: 5 October 1996     

Optimal rectangle packing

We consider the NP-complete problem of finding an enclosing rectangle of minimum area that will contain a given a set of rectangles. We present two different constraint-satisfaction formulations of this problem. The first searches a space of absolute placements of rectangles in the enclosing rectangle, while the other searches a space of relative placements between pairs of rectangles. Both approaches dramatically outperform previous approaches to optimal rectangle packing. For problems where the rectangle dimensions have low precision, such as small integers, absolute placement is generally more efficient, whereas for rectangles with high-precision dimensions, relative placement will be more effective. In two sets of experiments, we find both the smallest rectangles and squares that can contain the set of squares of size 1×1, 2×2,…,N×N, for N up to 27. In addition, we solve an open problem dating to 1966, concerning packing the set of consecutive squares up to 24×24 in a square of size 70×70. Finally, we find the smallest enclosing rectangles that can contain a set of unoriented rectangles of size 1×2, 2×3, 3×4,…,N×(N+1), for N up to 25.     

Electrochemical behaviour of zinc in alkaline solutions

The cathodic and anodic polarization of zinc in different concentrations of alkaline solutions has been studied under constant-current conditions. The changes of zinc electrode-potential with reference to a Hg/HgO/KOH system have been measured both in KOH and zincate solutions using a “Luggin” capillary and a specially designed cell, current being drawn from an electronic current stabilizer. Time-potential curves have been plotted and it is found that the anodic zinc passivates at a certain stage showing a sudden rise in potential by as much as 3–4 volts. Before the passivation, the main electrode reaction is the formation of Zn⁺⁺, while after the passivation it changes to gas evolution. No definite relationship as previously suggested by Muller, between the current density and the passivation time was found, perhaps due to migration and non-linear diffusion effects and other reasons discussed in the paper. It has been found that the behaviour of zinc differs in concentrated alkaline solutions (i.e., 0·5 N to 5 N) from that in dilute solutions (0·2 N to 0·01 N), in which case the open circuit rest-potential of zinc is indefinite and may vary by as much as 500–600 mV., while the maximum passivation jump in potential is about 2 volts only. Also the passivation and the decay of current on breaking the circuit are found to be slower than in the case of concentrated solutions. Colour changes of the zinc electrode, during the polarization, are also briefly described and discussed.     

Characterizations and Uniqueness of Mutually Nearest Points for Two Sets in Normed Spaces

The present article deals with the problem of mutually nearest points of two nonempty sets S and W in a real normed linear space. A characterization result of Kolmogorov-type of mutually nearest points for S and W is established in view of a solar pair of S × W, and the relationship between a solar pair of S × W and solar points of S and W is obtained. Also, uniqueness results of the pair of mutually nearest points for S and W are given.     

Basis pursuit for frequency‐domain identification

W. Sprößig In this paper, we propose a new adaptive method for frequency‐domain identification problem of discrete LTI systems. It is based on a dictionary that is consisting of normalized reproducing kernels. We prove that the singular values of the matrix generated by this dictionary converge to zero rapidly; this makes it quite efficient in representing the original systems with only a few elements. For different systems, it results in different selected sequences from the dictionary, that is, its adaptivity. Meanwhile, the stability of results is automatically guaranteed according to the structure of the dictionary. Two examples are presented to illustrate the idea. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Duality of Hardy and BMO spaces associated with operators with heat kernel bounds on product domains

Let L be the infinitesimal generator of an analytic semigroup on L² (?) with suitable upper bounds on its heat kernels, and L has a bounded holomorphic functional calculus on L² (?). In this article, we introduce new function spaces H _L ¹ (? × ?) and BMO_L(? × ?) (dual to the space H _L* ¹ (? × ?) in which L* is the adjoint operator of L) associated with L, and they generalize the classical Hardy and BMO spaces on product domains. We obtain a molecular decomposition of function for H _L ¹ (? × ?) by using the theory of tent spaces and establish a characterization of BMO_L (? × ?) in terms of Carleson conditions. We also show that the John-Nirenberg inequality holds for the space BMO_L (? × ?). Applications include large classes of differential operators such as the magnetic Schrödinger operators and second-order elliptic operators of divergence form or nondivergence form in one dimension.     

Boundary element method for calculation of effective elastic moduli in 3D linear elasticity

A boundary integral formulation of the linear elasticity problem for a multi‐component composite is given. The fast BEM solver based on the adaptive cross approximation is then obtained by the data‐sparse representation of the resulting Galerkin matrices. The solver is used to obtain effective elastic moduli of fibre and particle reinforced composites in three dimensions by means of the strain energy equivalence principle. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Convergence of high-order deterministic particle methods for the convection-diffusion equation

A proof of high-order convergence of three deterministic particle methods for the convection-diffusion equation in two dimensions is presented. The methods are based on discretizations of an integro-differential equation in which an integral operator approximates the diffusion operator. The methods differ in the discretization of this operator. The conditions for convergence imposed on the kernel that defines the integral operator include moment conditions and a condition on the kernel's Fourier transform. Explicit formulae for kernels that satisfy these conditions to arbitrary order are presented. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Divergenzverhalten mehrdimensionaler Shannonscher Abtastreihen

The behaviour of multidimensional Shannon sampling series for continuous functions is examined. A continuous functiong ₁ εC ₀[0,1]² with support in the rectangle [0,1]×[0,1/2] is indicated in the paper for which the two dimensional Shannon sampling series diverge almost everywhere in the rectangle [0,1]×[1/2,1]. This shows that the localization principle for Shannon sampling series cannot hold in two dimensions and in higher dimensions. The result solves a problem formulated by P.L. Butzer.     

A note on certain square functions on product spaces

We study certain square functions on product spaces Rn × Rm, whose integral kernels are obtained from kernels which are homogeneous in each factor Rn and Rm and locally in L(log L) away from Rn × {0} and {0} × Rm by means of polynomial distortions in the radial variable. As a model case, we obtain that the Marcinkiewicz integral operator is bounded on Lp(Rn × Rm)(P > 1) for Ω∈ e Llog L(Sn-1 × Sm-1) satisfying the cancellation condition.     

Minimality and unique ergodicity for adic transformations

We study the relationship between minimality and unique ergodicity for adic transformations. We show that three is the smallest alphabet size for a unimodular “adic counterexample”, an adic transformation which is minimal but not uniquely ergodic. We construct a specific family of counterexamples built from (3 × 3) nonnegative integer matrix sequences, while showing that no such (2 × 2) sequence is possible. We also consider (2 × 2) counterexamples without the unimodular restriction, describing two families of such maps. Though primitivity of the matrix sequence associated to the transformation implies minimality, the converse is false, as shown by a further example: an adic transformation with (2 × 2) stationary nonprimitive matrix, which is both minimal and uniquely ergodic.     

Packing boxes with harmonic bricks

Given a box of integral dimensions and a supply of bricks all having the same integral dimensions, what is the largest number of bricks that can be packed in the box with the sides of the bricks parallel to the sides of the box? In this general form the question is very difficult. We can think of the box as being made up of unit cells and say that a set R of cells is a representing set for a brick of given dimensions provided every brick that can be placed in the box, sides parallel to the box, contains at least one of the cells in R. The maximum number of bricks that can be placed in the box is then less than or equal to the minimum cardinality of a representing set. In general, there is not equality. In the case of two dimensions and a harmonic brick, we prove there is equality always and exhibit a best packing. For three-dimensional boxes and a harmonic brick, there need not be equality. We derive several results which are of the nature that if certain inequalities relating the dimensions of the box and the brick are satisfied, then equality occurs. Our results are strong enough to imply, for example, that if the smallest face of the brick packs each face of the box perfectly, then there is equality. For a 1 × 2 × 4 brick, there is always equality if one of the dimensions of the box is even.     

Perturbed kernel approximation on homogeneous manifolds

Current methods for interpolation and approximation within a native space rely heavily on the strict positive-definiteness of the underlying kernels. If the domains of approximation are the unit spheres in euclidean spaces, then zonal kernels (kernels that are invariant under the orthogonal group action) are strongly favored. In the implementation of these methods to handle real world problems, however, some or all of the symmetries and positive-definiteness may be lost in digitalization due to small random errors that occur unpredictably during various stages of the execution. Perturbation analysis is therefore needed to address the stability problem encountered. In this paper we study two kinds of perturbations of positive-definite kernels: small random perturbations and perturbations by Dunkl's intertwining operators [C. Dunkl, Y. Xu, Orthogonal polynomials of several variables, Encyclopedia of Mathematics and Its Applications, vol. 81, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2001]. We show that with some reasonable assumptions, a small random perturbation of a strictly positive-definite kernel can still provide vehicles for interpolation and enjoy the same error estimates. We examine the actions of the Dunkl intertwining operators on zonal (strictly) positive-definite kernels on spheres. We show that the resulted kernels are (strictly) positive-definite on spheres of lower dimensions.