多孔介质中超临界水渗流压降特性研究

流体在临界点附近参数区域,其黏性系数、比热容、导热系数、密度等热物理性质都会发生剧烈变化,因此超临界流体在多孔介质中的渗流特性较为复杂,常规流体多孔渗流压降特性规律能否适用有待于验证。以超临界水煤气化技术为代表的一系列高新技术的发展对多孔介质中超临流体的渗流特性的认识提出了更高的要求。本文考察了典型操作参数(温度300~450℃,压力22.7~25 MPa,流量0.8~3 kg.h~(-1))对多孔介质中超临界水渗流压降特性的影响。研究结果表明:Ergun公式在估算多孔介质中超临界水渗流压降的过程,黏性项被高估,惯性项被低估。本工作有望为超临界水煤气化技术中超临界水流化床的设计提供依据。     

超临界水流化床内两相流特性的数值模拟研究

本文基于欧拉双流体模型和颗粒动理学理论,对超临界水流化床反应器内气固两相流特性进行数值模拟,模拟获得了超临界水流化床反应器内颗粒分布特性和最小流化速度,分析了表观速度、压力、温度、初始床层高度对超临界水流化床流动特性的影响.本文的研究对超临界水流化床反应器结构的设计及操作条件的优化具有重要的指导意义.     

超临界水流化床床床层与壁面间传热特性研究

本文基于颗粒动理学理论建立了流化床中的欧拉双流体模型,采用了单气泡沿壁面运动物理模型,从颗粒分布特性、温度分布特性和瞬时传热特性三个方面对超临界水流化床和气固流化床的床层与壁面间传热特性进行了对比研究。研究表明,相同条件下,相对于气固流化床,超临界水流化床中气泡的直径和上升速度都较小;超临界水流化床中床层与壁面间的传热系数与颗粒浓度呈反相关关系,而对于气固流化床则是正相关关系;并且不同于气固流化床,超临界水流化床床层与壁面间传热系数在颗粒浓度较低处对表观速度变化比较敏感。     

井筒内超临界水流动传热特性数值研究

随着世界油气资源的日渐枯竭,稠油开采在油气开发中的地位日益凸显。对于埋藏深、黏度大的稠油资源,实验研究发现超临界水技术对于深层超稠油具有采收率高且具有原位改质功能,应用前景广。准确预测井筒传热流动特性是进行超临界水开发作业设计与规划的前提。本文发展了一种适用于超临界注入井筒内的传热计算模型,该模型针对各种流型分别选择最优压降计算公式,并考虑超临界蒸汽物性参数对管流摩擦压降计算的影响,修正单相管流摩擦压降公式;模型计算结果与工业现场结果具有较好的一致性,并基于该模型分析了超临界水注入参数对流动传热规律的影响规律。     

球床内气液两相流流型及压降实验研究

在本实验参数范围内可将孔隙流道内空气/水两相流动划分为泡状流、泡状-弹状混合流、弹状流、弹状-环状混合流和环状流五种流型。本文修正后的Tung/Dhir流型转变模型与实验符合较好。依据单相流动压降数据,对Ergun公式参数进行了拟合,提出了适用于本实验特点的单相压降公式。并在此基础上利用渗透率系数提出了两相流动压降计算经验公式,与前人的公式相比,适用范围更广,计算误差也较小。     

湿颗粒流化床流动特性的实验研究

基于可视化湿颗粒流化床实验系统,研究了多种Geldart-D类颗粒在不同含液量时的流动特性变化规律,包含流型、床层压降、最小流化速度。实验结果表明:1)在湿流化床内,颗粒出现聚团结块行为,气泡呈现不规则形状;湿颗粒流化过程的稳定性较干颗粒床明显下降,床内近壁面区域易出现局部沟流。2)固定床阶段,由于空隙率的增加,相同气速条件下,湿颗粒床层压降低于干颗粒;基于厄贡公式,得出了湿颗粒固定床床层压降的计算方法。3)湿颗粒的最小流化速度U_(mf)高于干颗粒,且随粒径d_p的增加而增加;导出了预测D类湿颗粒最小流化速度的半经验公式,Re_(mf)=0.279.Ar~(0.5),该式计算结果与实验测量结果偏差小于15%。     

超临界CO_2横掠管束对流换热数值模拟

随着第四代核能系统的研发,使用高效、安全、经济的超临界二氧化碳作为冷却剂或二回路能量转换工质的反应堆成为研究热点。管壳式换热器具有制造维护简单、流动压降小的特点,在超临界二氧化碳对流换热中具有一定的应用前景。本文使用数值模拟方法研究了超临界二氧化碳横掠管束对流换热特性。结果表明:超临界二氧化碳横掠管束是周期性流动,拟临界区的超临界二氧化碳横掠管束流动换热不同于远离拟临界点的超临界区。Zukauskas关联式适用于远离拟临界点的超临界区对流换热Nu计算,不适用于拟临界区Nu计算。本文对Zukauskas关联式在拟临界区进行了修正,修正后的公式适用于7.5 MPa下主流温度300～310 K的拟临界区Nu计算,最大误差为21.40%。     

内螺纹管管型结构对管内流动阻力特性的影响

对不同结构的内螺纹管内空气-水两相流动的阻力特性进行了实验研究,从实验方面得出了影响内螺纹管阻力特性的主要几何参数(螺纹高度,螺纹升角,螺纹宽度等)对内螺纹管阻力特性的影响规律。结合实验现象,引入了研究内螺纹管阻力特性的并联管路模型,最终得出适用于不同结构内螺纹管的阻力特性半理论经验公式。通过该公式可以较好地反映出各个几何参数对内螺纹管阻力特性的影响规律。     

超临界水循环流化床两相流动特性的数值模拟

超临界水循环流化床是一种非常有应用前景的新型煤气化制氢反应器。本文基于双流体模型和颗粒动力学理论建立了超临界水循环流化床提升管两相流动特性的数值模型。考虑了两种曳力模型及湍流与层流模型对数值模拟结果的影响。研究结果表明EMMS曳力模型比Gidaspow曳力模型更适用于二维提升管两相流动的数值模拟,并发现层流模型预测的准确性优于湍流模型。基于上述模型,对比分析了气固与超临界水循环流化床提升管的流动特性,获得了表观流速对固相体积分数、颗粒轴向速度的影响规律。     

超临界水在倾斜上升管内的非均匀传热特性数值模拟

对超临界压力水在管径为Φ32mm×3mm、长度为8000mm、倾角为20°的倾斜光管内的流动与传热特性进行数值模拟研究,重点考察超临界水在大比热区内的奇异物性变化对倾斜管内的传热特性的影响.通过与实验数据的对比,验证计算模型的正确性;计算压力P=26,34 MPa时,不同质量流速和热负荷下倾斜光管内壁温随超临界水焓值增大而变化的规律,以及倾斜光管内壁周向温度及热负荷分布的不均匀性;分析大比热区管内上下母线处内壁温度差随工质焓值变化的特性及机理,讨论大比热区水的物性变化对倾斜光管内传热不均匀性的影响;引入截面横向动能与截面相对横向动能两个变量对二次流的强度进行描述,重点考察超临界水在大比热区内的二次流的流动特点及其对倾斜管内传热特性影响的机理.并利用截面中垂线上的密度梯度定量分析二次流变化的规律,讨论超临界压力下大比热区内倾斜光管内壁温分布异常的机理.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Retrieval of ultraviolet skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities from balloon-borne limb spectrometer

With a novel light-weight and absolutely calibrated ultraviolet （UV） spectrometer, UV skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities are measured by balloon-borne limb measurements in Xinjiang area, China. UV skylight radiances measured at the height of 31 km are compared with the results from Modtran in the wavelength range from 290 to 420 nm. O3 slant column densities are derived from radiance spectra in the Huggins bands （320 - 335 nm） using differential optical absorption spectroscopy method. And the parameter exhibits a good correlation with the same value simulated by radiative transfer model （Tracy）. The O3 profile simultaneously measured by an O3 sonde is used as input in Tracy calculations. The O3 sonde is launched on the same balloon.     

Design optimization of highly sensitive LSPR enhanced surface plasmon resonance biosensors with nanoholes

For breaking through the sensitivity limitation of conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors, novel highly sensitive SPR biosensors with Au nanoparticles and nanogratings enhancement have been proposed recently.But in practice, these structures have obvious disadvantages.In this study, a nanohole based sensitivity enhancement SPR biosensor is proposed and the influence of different structural parameters on the performance is investigated by using rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA).Electromagnetic field distributions around the nanohole are also given out to directly explain the performance difference for various structural parameters.The results indicate that significant sensitivity increase is associated with localized surface plasmons (LSPs) excitation mediated by nanoholes.Except to outcome the weakness of other LSP based biosensors, larger resonance angle shift, reflectance amplitude, and sharper SPR curves' width are obtained simultaneously under optimized structural parameters.     

Polymer gratings based on photopolymerization for low-order distributed feedback polymer lasers

Novel polymer distributed feedback(DFB)gratings are fabricated based on photopolymerization to reduce lasing threshold of polymer lasers.A photopolymer formulation sensitive to 355-nm ultraviolet(UV)light is proposed for the fabrication of polymer gratings and it can be used to form polymer films by spin-coating process.A very low surface-relief depth ranging from 12.5 to about 1.0 nm has been demonstrated with a refractive-index modulation of about 0.012.The experimental results indicate that such polymer gratings have promising potentials for the fabrication of low-order DFB organic semiconductor lasers.