Secondary Acetylenic Alcohols and Peroxides Derived from (Z)-3-chloro-3-(2-naphthyl)-2-propenal

Secondary acetylenic alcohols were obtained by reactions of 1-hexynyl-, 2-phenylethynyl, and tert-alkylperoxyalkynyllithiums with (Z)-3-chloro-3-(2-naphthyl)-2-propenal. Thermal stability of the peroxides synthesized was assessed by thermal analysis.     

Nucleophilic vinylic substitutions on unactivated substrates. : The behaviour of styryl alkyl sulphides and selenides towards sulphur and selenium nucleophiles.

Sodium alkanethiolates or lithium methyl selenide react with styryl alkyl sulphides and selenides, in DMF at 100°C, to give the products of vinylic or aliphatic substitution. The two nucleophilic reagents are extremely selective. In the case of RSNa the attack at the vinylic carbon atom is much faster than that at the aliphatic carbon atom and the (Z)- or (E)- styryl alkyl sulphides are obtained as the result of a stereospecific vinylic substitution which occurs with retention of configuration. On the contrary, in the case of MeSeLi, under the same experimental conditions, the only reaction occurring is the aliphatic substitution which affords the vinyl thiolate anions, as an equilibrium mixture of the (E)- and (Z)- isomers, or the vinyl selenide anions which retain the configuration of the starting styryl alkyl selenides.     

Efficient trapping of the intermediates in the photooxygenation of sulfides by aryl selenides and selenoxides

Aryl selenides and selenoxides trap efficiently the intermediates in the reaction of singlet oxygen with sulfides. In the co-photooxygenation of 1 equiv of an aryl selenoxide with 1.3 equiv of dimethyl sulfide, the aryl selenone is formed quantitatively. Aryl selenides require 4-5 equiv of sulfide for their complete co-oxidation to selenones.     

Acetylenic Selenides and Tellurides from 1-Bromo, 2-Phenyl Ethyne

Acetylenic selenides and tellurides were prepared in good yields by nucleophilic substitution at acetylenic carbon by reaction of selenolate and tellurolate anions with 1-bromo, 2-phenyl ethyne.     

Synthesis of [3-(trimethylsilyl)prop-2-yn-1-yl] selenides

Efficient and selective methods have been developed for the synthesis of previously unknown organyl [3-(trimethylsilyl)prop-2-yn-1-yl] selenides, organyl prop-2-yn-1-yl selenides, and bis[3-(trimethylsilyl) prop-2-yn-1-yl] selenide by reactions of 3-bromo-1-(trimethylsilyl)prop-1-yne with the corresponding organylselenolates and sodium selenide generated from diorganyl diselenides or elemental selenium by the action of sodium tetrahydridoborate.     

A one-pot stereoselective synthesis of 1,4-dienyl selenides by hydrostannylation-Stille tandem reaction of acetylenic selenides with Bu_3SnH and allylic bromides

1,4-Dienyl selenides can be stereoselectively synthesized in one pot under mild conditions in good yields by the palladiumcatalyzed hydrostannylation of acetylenic selenides, followed by Stille coupling with allylic bromides.     

Dialkynyl selenides: Synthesis, 13C NMR spectra,and molecular orbital calculations

Reactions of SeCl₄ with lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide and terminal acetylenes in the presence of BuLi or AIBN afforded the corresponding dialkynyl selenides in moderate to high yields. The reaction may proceed via a selenium amide 7 and an alkynyl selenium amide 8 . The comparison of ¹³C NMR spectra of dialkynyl selenides and tellurides has disclosed that the differences of the chemical shift of acetylenic carbons between Se and Te derivatives are consistent regardless of their substitution patterns. Ab initio molecular orbital calculations are reported for dialkynyl ether and chalcogenides. The calculated structures, charge distributions, and orbital energies are discussed.     

Synthesis of bis(2-haloalkyl) selanes and selenides based on selenium dioxide and terminal alkenes

Selenium tetrahalides generated from selenium dioxide and hydrogen halides (HCl, HBr) reacted with hex-1-ene, hept-1-ene, and oct-1-ene at a SeO₂?alkene molar ratio of 1: 2 to give mixtures of dihalobis-(2-haloalkyl)-λ⁴-selanes (yield 80?90%) and bis(2-haloalkyl) selenides (yield 5?12%). Halogenation of the resulting mixtures afforded 85?93% (calculated on the initial SeO₂) of the corresponding dihalobis(2-haloalkyl)-λ⁴-selanes, and the reduction of the same mixtures with Na₂S₂O₅ gave bis(2-haloalkyl) selenides in 80?86% yield. In the reaction with a SeO₂?alkene ratio of 5: 8, pure dihalobis(2-haloalkyl)-λ⁴-selanes were formed in 84?93% yield. Dichlorobis(2-chloro-2-phenylethyl)-λ⁴-selane was obtained in 72% yield in the reaction of SeO₂?HCl with styrene.     

Palladium-catalyzed alkynylselenation of acetylenedicarboxylates leading to enyne selenides and application to synthesis of multisubstituted aryl selenides

Upon treatment of a mixture of alkynyl selenides and acetylenedicarboxylates with Pd(OAc)₂/P(o-tol)₃/K₂CO₃/H₂O-catalytic system, the alkynylselenation of acetylenedicarboxylates takes place to give the corresponding alkynylvinyl selenides. Furthermore, alkynyl selenides undergo the intermolecular [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction in the presence of PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ as a catalyst, affording the corresponding multisubstituted aryl selenides selectively.     

Regioselective oxidative coupling reactions of 3-substituted thiophenes with arylboronic acids

Under optimized conditions, 3-substituted thiophenes (EWG = COOEt, PO(OEt)(2)) undergo a facile and regioselective oxidative coupling reaction at carbon atom C4. The reactions were performed with various aryl boronic acids as nucleophiles in the presence of silver oxide (2.0 equiv), cesium trifluoroacetate (tfa) (1.0 equiv), benzoquinone (BQ) (0.5 equiv), and catalytic amounts of Pd(tfa)(2) (10 mol %) employing trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) as the solvent.     

Studies on the regio- and stereoselectivity of halohydroxylation of 1,2-allenyl sulfides or selenides

It was observed that the halohydroxylation of 1,2-allenyl sulfides or selenides with Br2 (CuBr2 or NBS) or I2 and water demonstrated a fairly good regioselectivity (i.e., the C=C bond that is remote from the S or Se atom was halohydroxylated with the halogen atom connecting to the middle carbon atom and the hydroxyl group connecting to the non-S terminal carbon or Se-substituted terminal carbon atom of the allene moiety), leading to the synthesis of synthetically important 3-organosulfur or seleno-2-haloallylic alcohols. The stereoselectivity depends on the nature of X+ and S or Se, showing a Z-selectivity with the matched Lewis acid-base pair.     

Palladium-catalyzed carbonylative reaction of 1-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2-alkenylbenzene and carbon monoxide, with phenol or alcohol

A palladium-catalyzed carbonylative reaction of 1-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2-alkenylbenzene and carbon monoxide, with phenol or alcohol, is reported, which affords 1-methylene-1H-indene-2-carboxylates in moderate to good yields. This cascade process, which includes carbonylation and Heck reaction, proceeds smoothly with good functional group tolerance and high selectivity.     

Preparation of 3-hydroxyl-vinyl selenides and 1,3-bis(seleeno)-propenes

Z and E 3-hydroxy-vinyl selenides can be prepared with very high stereoselectivity respectively by nucleophilic addition of selenolates to propargyl alcohols and by selenylation followed by LiAlH₄ reduction of the same propargyl alcohols. 1,3-Bis(seleno)-propenes are available either from the reaction of 3-hydroxy-vinyl selenides with selenols in the presence of zinc chloride or by Wittig condensation of -selenoaldehydes with selenophosphorus ylids. Both reactions lead to mixtures of E and Z products which undergo sigmatropic rearrangements under acidic conditions.     

Reactions of 2-chloro-2-(4-pyridyl)propane with nucleophiles. Substitution on tertiary carbon

The reaction of 2-chloro-2-(4-pyridyl)propane ( 2 ) with lithium 2-propanenitronate affords the C-alkylation product 2-nitro-3-(4-pyridyl)-2,3-dimethylbutane ( 3 ), the Michael-adduct 2-nitro-2-methyl-4-(4-pyridyl)pentane ( 4 ), 4-isopropenylpyridine ( 5 ) and 2-(4-pyridyl)-2-propanol ( 6 ). Of these four products, only the formation of 3 is suppressed when the reaction is performed in the presence of radical inhibitors. The reaction of compound 2 with sodium azide gives the tertiary substitution product 2-azido-2-(4-pyridyl)propane ( 8 ). The reaction is not influenced by radical inhibitors. This is also the case in the reaction of 2 with sodium benzenethiolate, which affords 2-mercaptophenyl-2-(4-pyridyl)propane ( 9 ) and 1-mercaptophenyl-2-(4-pyridyl)propane ( 10 ). Compound 5 , the product of an E₂-type elimination is also formed in the azide and thiolate reactions. A Michael type addition of sodium benzenethiolate to 5 explains the formation of 10 . Similarly, generation of 5 in reactions of 2 with sodium methanethiolate and sodium cyanide accounts for the formation of 1-mercaptomethyl-2-(4-pyridyl)propane ( 11 ) and 3-(4-pridyl)butanenitrile ( 12 ), respectively.     

Synthesis and characterization of well-defined aluminum-containing heterobimetallic selenides

A series of novel aluminum heterobimetallic selenides were reported. The reaction of LAl(SeH)2 (1) with LiN(SiMe3)2 resulted in the formation of [LAl(SeLi)2(THF)2] (2) (L = HC(CMeNAr)2, Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3). Compound 2 reacted with Me2GeCl2, Ph2GeCl2, Cp2TiCl2, and Cp2ZrCl2, respectively, to produce LAl(mu-Se)2GeMe2 (3), LAl(mu-Se)2GePh2 (4), LAl(mu-Se)2TiCp2 (5), and LAl(mu-Se)2ZrCp2 (6) in moderate yields. Compounds 2-6 were characterized by elemental analysis, NMR, and electron impact-MS. The X-ray single-crystal structure of 3 is reported and confirms the spirocyclic arrangement of the aluminum atom within the six-membered AlN2C3 and four-membered AlSe2Ge rings.     

N-h and N-C bond activation of pyrimidinic nucleobases and nucleosides promoted by an osmium polyhydride

Complex OsH(6)(P(i)Pr(3))(2) (1) reacts with 1-methylthymine and 1-methyluracil to give OsH(3)(P(i)Pr(3))(2)(nucleobase') (2, 3) containing the deprotonated nucleobases (nucleobase') κ(2)-N,O coordinated by the nitrogen atom at position 3 and the oxygen bonded to the carbon atom of the ring at position 4. Similarly, the reactions of 1 with thymidine, 5-methyluridine, deoxyuridine, and uridine lead to OsH(3)(P(i)Pr(3))(2)(nucleoside') (4-7) with the deprotonated nucleoside (nucleoside') κ(2)-N,O coordinated by the nitrogen atom at position 3 and the oxygen bonded to the carbon atom at position 4 of the nucleobases. Treatment of complexes 5 and 7, containing nucleosides derived from ribose, with OsH(2)Cl(2)(P(i)Pr(3))(2) (8) in the presence of Et(3)N affords dinuclear species OsH(3)(P(i)Pr(3))(2)(nucleobase')-(ribose)(P(i)Pr(3))(2)H(2)Os (9, 10) formed by two different metal fragments. Complex 1 also promotes the cleavage of the N-C bond of 2-7 to give the dinuclear species {OsH(3)(P(i)Pr(3))(2)}(2)(nucleobase') (11, 12) with the nucleobase skeleton (nucleobase') κ(2)-N,O coordinated to both metal fragments. These compounds can be also prepared by reaction of 1 with 0.5 equiv of thymine and uracil. The use of 1:1 hexahydride:nucleobase molar ratios gives rise to the preferred formation of the mononuclear complexes OsH(3)(P(i)Pr(3))(2)(nucleobase') (13, 14; nucleobase' = monodeprotonated thymine or uracil). The X-ray structures of complexes 6, 11, and 14 are also reported.     

Stereoselective Z-iodoalkoxylation of 1,2-allenyl sulfides or selenides

Iodoalkylation of 1,2-allenyl sulfides or selenides with I₂ in MeCN/ROH (20:1) afforded Z-3-alkoxy-2-iodopropenyl sulfides or selenides in high stereoselectivity and moderate to good yields. The carbon-iodine bonds in these compounds may undergo Suzuki, Negishi, and Sonogashira coupling reaction smoothly.     

An efficient synthesis of 2-substituted 6-methylpurine bases and nucleosides by Fe- or Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of 2,6-dichloropurines

Fe-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of 9-substituted or protected 2,6-dichloropurines with 1 equiv of methylmagnesium chloride gave regioselectively 2-chloro-6-methylpurines in good yields. The same reactions with 3 equiv of methylmagnesium chloride or Pd-catalyzed reactions with trimethylaluminum afforded 2,6-dimethylpurines. The 2-chloro-6-methylpurines underwent another coupling with phenylboronic acid to give 6-methyl-2-phenylpurines. All reactions were perfomed for Bn- and THP-protected purine bases as well as for acyl-protected ribosides and 2-deoxyribosides. After deprotection, free purine bases and nucleosides were obtained.     

Reaction of alkali-metal hypohalites with stereoisomeric 2-methyl-1-alkyl-2-methyl-4-ethynyldecahydro-4-quinolols

Isomeric 1-alkyl-2-methyl-4- (haloethynyl) decahydro-4-quinolols were synthesized by reaction of the individual stereoisomers of 1-alkyl-2-methyl-4-ethynyl-decahydro-4-quinolols with alkali solutions of potassium hypochlorite and hypobromite. 1-Chloro-2-methyl-4-ethynyl decahydro-4-quinolols are formed by the action of an alkaline solution of potassium hypochlorite on isomeric 2-methyl-4-ethynyldecahydro-4-quinolols. Hydrogenolysis of the carbon-halogen bond accompanied by hydrogenation of the CC bond was observed under conditions of catalytic hydrogenation of 1,2-dimethy1-4-(haloethynyl) decahydro-4-quinolols. Primarily hydrogenolysis of the nitrogen-halogen bond and subsequent reduction of the acetylenic bond occur in the hydrogenation of 1-chloro-2-methyl-4-ethynyldecahydro-4-quinolols. Replacement of chlorine by hydrogen and subsequent alkylation of the resulting secondary amine and formation of the hydrochlorides of the corresponding N-methyl-substituted acetylenic alcohols occur in the reaction of the chloramines with a mixture of formaldehyde and formic acid.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 1, pp. 98–103, January, 1976.     

Interrupting the Nazarov cyclization with indoles

A carbon-terminated interrupted Nazarov reaction is described. The trimethylsilyl enol ethers derived from propargyl vinyl ketones undergo selective proton transfer at the distal acetylenic carbon atom to provide allenyl vinyl ketones as transient intermediates. In the presence of indoles, a cascade of reactions is initiated that converts the initially formed pentadienyl cations to cyclopentenones bearing a quaternary alpha carbon atom.