Untersuchungen in den Systemen GeO2−Na2O, −K2O und −Rb2O

Zusammenfassung Die Systeme GeO₂–Na₂O, –K₂O und –Rb₂O werden röntgenographisch und differentialthermoanalytisch untersucht. Die früher beschriebene Verbindung Na₂Ge₄O₉ (I) erweist sich als identisch mit dem vonJ. F. White und Mitarbeitern angegebenen Na₄Ge₉O₂₀. Von der dargestellten isotypen Kalium-Verbindung werden die Gitterkonstanten ermittelt. Im analogen Rubidium-System läßt sich ein isotypes Enneagermanat bisher nicht nachweisen. Einkristallaufnahmen von Natriumtetragermanat [Na₂Ge₄O₉ (II)] ergeben eine hexagonale Elementarzelle mit 6 Formeleinheiten Na₂Ge₄O₉. Ebenso werden von den isotypen Kalium-und Rubidiumtetragermanaten die Gitterparameter bestimmt. Im Natrium-System stellt offensichtlich das Enneagermanat die stabile Phase dar, während das Tetragermanat nur durch rasches Abkühlen aus der Schmelze erhalten wird. Bei den Kaliumgermanaten ist dagegen das Tetragermanat die stabile Phase.Mit 2 Abbildungen     

Zur Kenntnis der Salpetersäure. X Methoden zur Gasanalyse im System N2−NO−NO2−N2O4−N2O3−HNO2−HNO3

Zusammenfassung Es werden vier Methoden zur Analyse einer Gasmischung N₂–NO–NO₂–N₂O₄–N₂O₃–HNO₂ besprochen und ihre Bedeutung für die Bestimmung der einzelnen Molekelarten kritisch auseinandergesetzt. Nach keiner der Methoden kann man den Gehalt an Salpetriger Säure und Salpetersäure neben den Oxyden des Stickstoffes auffinden. Aus diesem Grunde ist die Analyse der genannten Gasmischung nach den vier Methoden allgemein nicht genau durchführbar.Mit 1 Abbildung.Herrn Prof. Dr.A. Skrabal zum 75. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

Thermodynamic model for aqueous Cd2+−CO 3 2− ionic interactions in high-ionic-strength carbonate solutions,and the solubility product of crystalline CdCO3

The aqueous solubility of CdCO₃(c) was studied in 0.01M NaClO₄, in solutions equilibrated with N₂-CO₂(g) mixtures that contained 0.0003, 0.001, or 0.138 atmospheres of CO₂(g). The pH ranged from about 4.5 to 9, and the studies were conducted from both the oversaturation and the undersaturation directions, with the equilibration periods ranging from 6 to 57 d. To determine the carbonato complexes of Cd(II), the solubility of CdCO₃(c) was also studied in 0.0016 to 1.00M Na₂CO₃ solutions at fixed hydroxide ion concentration, and in solutions with fixed aqueous C concentrations (0.1 and 0.01M C) over a range of OH^? from 1×10^?5 to 1.0M. The equilibrium Cd concentrations were reached in less than about 6 d. Pitzer's ion-interaction model was used to interpret these solubility data, as well as CdCO₃(c) solubility data reported in the literature, which extended to 5.0M K₂CO₃ with an ionic strength of approximately 18.6 m. Our thermodynamic model required the introduction of two aqueous Cd²⁺-CO ₃ ^2? complexes, CdCO₃(aq) and Cd(CO₃) ₂ ^2? , as well as ion-interaction parameters for Cd(CO₃) ₂ ^2? with the bulk cations Na⁺ and K⁺. This model gave excellent agreement with all available experimental data extending to 5.0M K₂CO₃. The logarithms of the thermodynamic equilibrium constants for the reactions: $$\begin{gathered} CdCO_3 \left( c \right) \rightleftarrows Cd^{2 + } + CO_3^{2 - } \hfill \\ Cd^{2 + } + CO_3^{2 - } \rightleftarrows CdCO_3 \left( {aq} \right) \hfill \\ Cd^{2 + } + 2CO_3^{2 - } \rightleftarrows Cd\left( {CO_3 } \right)_2^{2 - } \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ were found to be ?12.2₄±0.1, 4.7₁±0.1, and 6.4₉±0.1, respectively. The β⁰ ion-interaction parameters for Cd(CO₃) ₂ ^2? ?Na⁺ and Cd(CO₃) ₂ ^2? ?K⁺ were found to be ?0.14 and ?0.06, respectively.     

Conformer-selective Photodynamics of TrpH+−H2O

The photodynamics of protonated tryptophan and its mono hydrated complex TrpH⁺−H₂O has been revisited. A combination of steady-state IR and UV cryogenic ion spectroscopies with picosecond pump-probe photodissociation experiments sheds new lights on the deactivation processes of TrpH⁺ and conformer-selected TrpH⁺−H₂O complex, supported by quantum chemistry calculations at the DFT and coupled-cluster levels for the ground and excited states, respectively. TrpH⁺ excited at the band origin exhibits a transient of less than 100 ps, assigned to the lifetime of the excited state proton transfer (ESPT) structure. The two experimentally observed conformers of TrpH⁺−H₂O have been assigned. A striking result arises from the conformer-selective photodynamics of TrpH⁺−H₂O, in which a single water molecule inserted in between the ammonium and the indole ring hinders the barrierless ESPT reaction responsible for the ultra-fast deactivation process observed in the other conformer and in bare TrpH⁺.     

The Cl−NH3, Cl−H2O,F−NH3 and F−H2O clusters and their photoelectron spectra

The geometries of the Cl^–NH₃, Cl^–H₂O, F^–NH₃ and F^–H₂O clusters are optimized using the coupled cluster method. The four lowest ionization potentials are then calculated, leading to the ground and low excited states of the neutral species. The first three IPs describe ionization from the externalp state of the halogen atom, whereas the fourth corresponds to ionization from the NH₃ or H₂O moiety, leading to charge transfer complexes. These complexes were recently observed in the photoelectron spectrum of Cl^–NH₃, in full accord with our calculations.Supported in part by the U.S.-Israel Binational Science Foundation     

Magnetische Messungen an den Teilsystemen TiC−ZrC,TiC−HfC,ZrC−HfC,TiC−VC,TiC−NbC,TiC−TaC und NbC−TaC

Ohne ZusammenfassungMit 3 Abbildungen     

Untersuchungen in den Systemen: V−B,Nb−B,V−B−Si und Ta−B−Si

Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe röntgenographischer Messungen werden die Boride von Vanadin und Niob untersucht, wobei eine neue Phase der ungefähren Zusammensetzung V₂B identifiziert wird, welche mit der entsprechenden Nb-Borid-Phase isotyp ist. Dieselbe Kristallart tritt auch im System: Ta–B auf. Die in der Literatur angegebene -Phase im Zweistoff: Nb–B erweist sich als NbO.Im System: V–B–Si wird wie im analogen Mo-System die Existenz einer ternärenT 2-Phase Me₅(Si_1/3, B_2/3)₃ nach-gewiesen¹; ihre Gitterkonstanten werden ermittelt.Im Schnitt Ta₂Si–Ta₂B besteht ein geringes Lösungs-vermögen der beiden Phasen ineinander. Durch Zusatz von 20 Mol-% Ta₂Si zu Ta₂B erhält man die oben erwähnte neue Kristallart.Bei den Borid-Siliziden der Metalle aus der 4a-, 5a- und 6a-Gruppe werden die Stabilitätsbereiche derT 1-,T 2- undD 8₈-Phasen miteinander verglichen.     

Theoretical Study of Electronic Structure and Stability of Mixed AlmBn−mH n 2− and CmBn−mH n 2−m (n = 6, 10, 12 and m = 1, 2) Clusters

Density functional theory (DFT) method with B3LYP functional and 6-311++G(d,p) basis set has been used to predict the geometries, relative stabilities, electronic structures and bonding analysis of Mixed Al_mB_n?mH _n ^2? and C_mB_n?mH _n ^2?m (n = 6, 10, 12 and m = 1, 2) clusters; being compared to the B_nH _n ^2? ones. Therefore, the DFT results suggest that the replacing of boron by aluminium or carbon is governed by Natural net charges following Gimar’s and Williams’s rules. The Al_mB_n?mH _n ^2? structures are relatively distorted compared to those of B_nH _n ^2? and C_mB_n?mH _n ^2?m . In Al_mB_n?mH _n ^2? structures Al atoms prefer the adjacent sites, however for the C₂B_n?2H_n cluster cages, the carbon atoms are positioned at diametrically opposed sites. The large HOMO–LUMO gaps show that the predicted clusters have chemical stabilities, principally, those of Al_mB_n?mH _n ^2? ones, which are not experimentally isolated. The optimized geometries obtained through boron substitution by Al and C lead to compactness and to contracted structures, respectively, where B–B bonds are the shortest in mono- and di-carbaboranes.     

An aqueous thermodynamic model for Ca2+−SO 3 2− ion interactions and the solubility product of crystalline CaSO3·1/2H2O

The solubility of CaSO₃·1/2H₂O(c) was studied under alkaline conditions (pH>8.2), in deaerated and deoxygenated Na₂SO₃ solutions ranging in concentration from 0.0002 to 0.4M and in CaCl₂ solutions ranging in concentration from 0.0002 to 0.01M, for equilibration periods ranging from 1 to 7 days. Equilibrium was approached from both the over- and the under-saturation directions. In all cases, equilibrium was reached in <1 days. The aqueous Ca²⁺–SO ₃ ^2– ion interactions can be satisfactorily modeled using either ion-association or ion-interaction aqueous thermodynamic models. In the ion-association model, the log K°=2.62±0.07 for Ca²⁺+SO ₃ ^2– CaSO ₃ ⁰ . In the Pitzer ion-interaction model, the binary parameters (⁰) and (¹) for Ca²⁺–SO ₄ ^2– were used, and the value of (²) was determined from the experimental data. As expected given the strong association constant, the value of (⁰) was quite small (about –134). We feel a combination of the two models is most useful. The logarithm of the thermodynamic equilibrium constant (K°) of the CaSO₃·1/2H₂O(c) solubility reaction (CaSO₃·1/2H₂O(c)Ca²⁺+SO ₃ ²⁺ +0.5H₂O) was found to be –6.64±0.07.     

Transition Metal-Free Aromatic C−H,C−N,C−S and C−O Borylation

Aromatic organoboron compounds are highly valuable building blocks in organic chemistry. They were mainly synthesized through aromatic C−H and C−Het borylation, in which transition metal-catalysis dominate. In the past decade, with increasing attention to sustainable chemistry, numerous transition metal-free C−H and C−Het borylation transformations have been developed and emerged as efficient methods towards the synthesis of aromatic organoboron compounds. This account mainly focuses on recent advances in transition metal-free aromatic C−H, C−N, C−S, and C−O borylation transformations and provides insights to where further developments are required.     

Thermochemical investigations of the systems KCl−KBr−H2O,K2SO4−(NH4)2SO4−H2O and KNO3−NH4NO3−H2O at 298.15 K

For the equilibrium solid phases occurring in the systems: KCl?KBr?H₂O, K₂SO₄?(NH₄)₂SO₄?H₂O and KNO₃?NH₄NO₃?H₂O, the concentration dependencies of differential solution enthalpies, Δ_sol H ₂ for several crystallization paths, were measured. The limiting differential solution enthalpies, Δ_sol H ₂ ⁰ , were determined by extrapolation of the above dependencies to the ionic strength,I _m ⁰ , corresponding to the appropriate binary solutions. For KCl?KBr?H₂O system only, the clear dependence between Δ_sol H ₂ ⁰ andI _m ⁰ values was found and discussed.     

Über das hexahydrophenthiazin, 2. Mitt.

Zusammenfassung Neben der früher beschriebenen Modifikation des Hexahydrophenthiazins vom Schmp. 101° wurde eine zweite Modifikation vom Schmp. 110–112° aufgefunden. Es werden die sterischen Verhältnisse diskutiert. Als zusätzlicher Konstitutionsbeweis wurde die hydrierende Desulfurierung mitRaney-Nickel herangezogen, bei der allerdings in Äthanol als Lösungsmittel N-Alkylierungen eintreten. Für die als Nebenprodukt gefundene Verbindung C₁₈H₁₈N₂S₂ wurde eine Konstitutionsformel vorgeschlagen.Mit 3 Abbildungen     

The conformational changes of 5SrRNA from lupin seeds in presence of ClO 4 − , NO 3 − , Br−, BF 4 − , SO 4 2− , Cl−, COO− anions by adiabatic scanning calorimetry

The results of calorimetric studies of 5SrRNA solutions isolated from lupin seeds in the pressence of the ClO ₄ ^? , NO ₃ ^? , Br ₄ ^? , SO ₄ ^2? , Cl^?, COO^? (maleic and fumaric acids) anions were reported. The plots of calorimetric curves, enthalpy of conformational changes of two state transitions were presented. Using the deconvolution method proposed by Freire and Biltonen the elementary transitions were distinguished and discussed.     

Kristallchemische Untersuchungen in den Systemen Mn−As,V−Sb,Ti−Sb

Zusammenfassung Im System Mn–As wurde die Struktur der Phase Mn₃As bestimmt. Sie kristallisiert in einem eigenen Typ, der eng in Beziehung zum Gitter von Mn₂As steht. Die Elementarzelle von Mn₃As ist pseudotetragonal orthorhombisch mit den Achsen:a=b=3,780 undc=16,2₆ k X·E. Im charakteristischen Raumsystem D_2h ¹³ werden die Parameter ermittelt. Auf die strukturellen Zusammenhänge zwischen der Zelle von -Mn, Mn₃As und Mn₂As wird hingewiesen; die Bauprinzipien bei solehen Gittern werden erörtert.Im System V–Sb wurde die zu TiSb₂ isotype Verbindung VSb₂ mit C 16-Struktur gefunden. Überraschend ist die hohe Dichte dieser Kristallarten. Die Achsen der Elementarzelle sind:a=6,54₂ undc=5,62₄ k X·E. Der Bereich der C 16-Strukturen erfährt damit bezüglich desB_Partners eine Erweiterung. Die sich daraus ergebenden Folgerungen werden besprochen.Im System Ti–Sb wird das Bestehen der Phase Ti₄Sb nachgewiesen, die gemäß einer Formulierung Ti₃(Ti_0,2Sb_0,8) im DO₁₉-Typ kristallisiert.Mit 2 Abbildungen     

Rubidium-cationic conductivity of Rb2−2x Ga2−x A x O4 (A = P, V, Nb, Ta) solid electrolytes

Solid solutions based on rubidium monogallate RbGaO₂ with a general formula Rb_2?2x Ga_2?x A _x O₄ (A = P, V, Nb, and Ta) are synthesized. Their crystal structure and temperature and concentration dependences of conductivity are studied. The highest rubidium-cationic conductivity is (1.8–3.9) × 10^?3 S cm^?1 at 400°C and (1.4–2.1) × 10^?2 S cm^?1 at 700°C. These results are compared with the data for rubidium monogallate doped with four-charged cations and solid solutions based on RbAlO₂.     

THE PHENOMENON OF CONGLOMERATE CRYSTALLIZATION. PART 54. THE CRYSTALLIZATION MODES OF FIVE NEW COMPLEXES [TRANS-(3,2,3-TET)Co(III)X 2]Y,X=NO− 2, CN−, NCS−

Abstract

A few complexes of formula [trans-Co(N₄)X ₂]Y, where X = a monodentate ligand, N₄ = a tetraamine ligand and Y = a halide or oxy anion have been found to crystallize as conglomerates; however, the majority crystallize as racemates. The complexes are of such variety of composition and packing characteristics that it is difficult to ascertain why they crystallize in one form or the other. We decided to investigate a series of [trans-Co(N₄)X ₂]Y compounds in which the amine was kept constant in order to limit the variables that affect the outcome.

Five different compounds of composition [trans-Co(3,2,3-tet)X ₂]Y (3,2,3-tet = 1,10-diamino-4,7-diaza-decane, X = NO^? ₂, CN^?, SCN^?, and Y = BF^? ₄, Cl^?, Br^?, I^?) were prepared and their crystallization behavior examined by determining their crystal structures. In all cases, when crystallized from deionized water at 21°C, these substances are racemates. Suggestions regarding this crystallization mode are offered in the discussion.     

Über unsymmetrisch substituierte Piperazine, 2. Mitt.

Zusammenfassung In Fortsetzung früherer Untersuchungen wird die Synthese einer Reihe von neuen unsymmetrisch substituierten Piperazinen beschrieben, die wir für weitere Synthesen benötigten.     

Time-Resolved Mn2+−NO and NO−NO Distance Measurements Reveal That Catalytic Asymmetry Regulates Alternating Access in an ABC Transporter**

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters shuttle diverse substrates across biological membranes. Transport is often achieved through a transition between an inward-facing (IF) and an outward-facing (OF) conformation of the transmembrane domains (TMDs). Asymmetric nucleotide-binding sites (NBSs) are present among several ABC subfamilies and their functional role remains elusive. Here we addressed this question using concomitant NO−NO, Mn²⁺−NO, and Mn²⁺−Mn²⁺ pulsed electron–electron double-resonance spectroscopy of TmrAB in a time-resolved manner. This type-IV ABC transporter undergoes a reversible transition in the presence of ATP with a significantly faster forward transition. The impaired degenerate NBS stably binds Mn²⁺−ATP, and Mn²⁺ is preferentially released at the active consensus NBS. ATP hydrolysis at the consensus NBS considerably accelerates the reverse transition. Both NBSs fully open during each conformational cycle and the degenerate NBS may regulate the kinetics of this process.