Design of hybrid photonic crystal fiber: Polarization and dispersion properties

A highly birefringent dispersion compensating hybrid photonic crystal fiber is presented. This fiber successfully compensates the chromatic dispersion of standard single mode fiber over E- to L-communication bands. Simulation results reveal that it is possible to obtain a large negative dispersion coefficient of about −1054.4 ps/(nm km) and a relative dispersion slope of 0.0036 nm⁻¹ at the 1550 nm wavelength. The proposed fiber simultaneously provides a high birefringence of order 3.45 × 10⁻² at the 1550 nm. Moreover, it is confirmed that the designed fiber successfully operates as a single mode in the entire band of interest. For practical conditions, the sensitivity of the fibers dispersion properties to a ±2% variation around the optimum values is carefully studied and the nonlinearity of the proposed fiber is also reported and discussed. Such fibers are essential for high speed transmission system as a dispersion compensator, sensing applications, fiber loop mirrors as well as maintaining single polarization, and many nonlinear applications such as four-wave mixing, etc.     

PBG光子晶体光纤的色散特性研究

光子晶体光纤(PCF)是一种具有特殊包层结构的光纤,它是利用光子禁带效应(PBG)来导光的。利用时域有限差分法(FDTD)来分析光波在PCF中传输的色散特性,结果表明,PBG光子晶体光纤的色散值和色散斜率比常规的通信光纤要小。     

Study of non-linear properties of hollow core photonic crystal fiber

A highly non-linear hollow core photonic crystal fiber (PCF) having three ring-hexagonal structure is designed. The full vector finite element method with perfectly matched layer is used to investigate the non-linear properties of hollow core PCF effectively. The effective area of modal pattern is also studied for the same newly designed structure. It is found that when effective area is very small the non-linearity is very high.     

Design and characterization of single mode circular photonic crystal fiber for broadband dispersion compensation

In this paper, we present a single mode circular photonic crystal fiber (C-PCF) for broadband dispersion compensation covering 1400 to 1610 nm wavelength band over the telecommunication windows. Investigations of guiding properties are carried out using finite element method (FEM) with circular perfectly matched layer boundary condition. Numerical study reveals that a negative dispersion coefficient of about −386.57 to −971.44 ps/(nm km) is possible to obtain over the wavelength ranging from 1400 to 1610 nm with a relative dispersion slope (RDS) of about 0.0036 nm⁻¹ at 1550 nm wavelength. In addition, the single mode behaviour of C-PCF is demonstrated by employing V parameter. According to simulation, it is found that the proposed C-PCF acts as a single mode fiber within 1340 to 1640 nm wavelength. Moreover, effective dispersion, relative dispersion slope, birefringence and confinement loss are also presented and discussed.     

混合导引型光子晶体光纤中纤芯折射率相关的导光特性研究

利用全矢量有限元法研究了一种混合导引型光子晶体光纤在纤芯折射率改变时,光纤导光机理和模式的演变特性.当纤芯折射率小于混合包层中空气孔包层的有效折射率时,芯模的导光机理为"双带隙导引型";当纤芯折射率位于空气孔和高折射率两套包层的有效折射率之间时,芯模的导光机理为"单带隙+全内反射导引型";当纤芯折射率大于高折射率棒包层的有效折射率时,芯模的导光机理为"全内反射导引型".并对该光纤在上述三种条件下的导光特性进行了比较和讨论.这些结果对设计特殊用途的光子晶体光纤具有指导意义. 关键词： 混合导引型光子晶体光纤 带隙 模式     

Dispersion and polarization properties of elliptical air-hole-containing photonic crystal fibers

In this paper, we investigate the dispersion and polarization properties of photonic crystal fiber with one ring or more rings of elliptical air-holes using plane-wave expansion (PWE) method. By introducing three rings of elliptical air-holes, PCF with ultra-low and ultra-flattened dispersion is designed and a total dispersion curve between ±0.5 ps/nm/km from 1315 to 1855 nm wavelength range is demonstrated. Furthermore, the polarization property of these elliptical air-hole-containing PCFs is analyzed and the variation of the birefringence with the area and ellipticity of the elliptical air-holes are discussed.     

热激法光子晶体光纤光栅制备工艺中热传导特性研究

研究了基于结构性改变的光子晶体光纤光栅的热激法制备工艺,理论分析了此种工艺的成栅原理,采用热传导理论和有限元法研究了制备过程中光子晶体光纤中的温度场分布,以及包层空气孔结构和激光参数对成栅效果的影响.研究结果表明,利用光子晶体光纤包层空气孔周期性塌缩可以形成光栅;采用两点热激法时,能够实现能量在光纤径向均匀分布,轴向近似于高斯分布;包层气孔结构加速了成栅过程,相同光斑尺寸下,光纤塌缩所需激光功率随气孔层数和气孔半径的增大而减小;最后,对包层空气孔结构为1层到7层的光子晶体光纤热激过程进行仿真,得到了空气填 关键词： 光纤光栅 光子晶体光纤 热激法 有限元法     

V形高双折射光子晶体光纤特性研究

本文基于全矢量有限元法,设计了一种V形结构高双折射光子晶体光纤,数值分析结果表明:当光纤的包层孔间距Λ为1.0 μm,包层大空气孔D和小空气孔d分别为0.95 μm,0.7 μm时,在波长为1.55 μm处,该光纤的双折射度B达到1.225×10^-2,比传统光纤高约两个数量级. 另外,分别在可见光和近红外波段出现了两个零色散波长,使钛宝石飞秒激光器工作波段(700—980 nm) 处于光纤的反常色散区,为新颖的光子晶体 关键词： 光子晶体光纤 高双折射 有限元法 V形结构     

Polarization maintaining large nonlinear coefficient photonic crystal fibers using rotational hybrid cladding

In this paper, we present and explore a new hybrid cladding design for improved birefringence and highly nonlinear photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) in a broad range of wavelength bands. The birefringence of the fundamental mode in such a PCF is numerically analyzed using the finite element method (FEM). It is demonstrated that it is possible to design a simple highly nonlinear hybrid PCF (HyPCF) with a nonlinear coefficient of the about 46 W⁻¹ km⁻¹ at a 1.55 μm wavelength. According to simulation, the highest modal birefringence and lowest confinement loss of our proposed structure at the excitation wavelength of λ = 1.55 μm can be achieved at a magnitude of 1.77 × 10⁻² and of the order less than 10² dB/km with only five rings of air-holes in the fiber cladding.     

Calculation of optical properties of hollow-core photonic crystal fibers

We propose a method for calculation of the bandgaps in the cladding of hollow-core photonic crystal fibers, based on the Floquet theorem. The effectiveness of the approach is confirmed by estimates of the effect of the number of air channels in the cladding on attenuation of the fiber modes due to mode energy leakage from the core. We have studied the conditions for the existence of eigenmodes in the indicated fibers. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 76, No. 2, pp. 311–320, March–April, 2009.     

新型缓变锥型PCF结构接口耦合损耗特性

提出一种新型的缓变锥型光纤接口器件。该接口器件是一个长度为150 mm左右的缓变锥型光子晶体光纤。利用有限元方法对模场直径差别较大的不同光纤进行拼接时的损耗问题进行研究。研究结果表明：在模场直径分别为9 m和10.4 m的光纤之间加入锥型光纤后可以有效降低耦合损耗,并且在不同波长下耦合损耗都维持在一个较低水平。因此,该接口器件能够实现光纤拼接时物理结构的过渡和不同模场直径的转换,从而使拼接损耗降到最低。     

1 × 4 coupler based on all solid five-core photonic crystal fibers

An improved 1 × 4 coupler based on all solid multi-core photonic crystal fiber is proposed and analyzed. The expressions to calculate the coupling length and the coupling efficiency are deduced based on the coupled-mode equations firstly. Then a full-vector finite element method (FEM) is used to calculate the coupling length and the coupling efficiency. Next, the propagation characteristics and the performances of the coupler are analyzed through using a full vector beam propagation method (BPM). Research shows that the results derived by FEM agree with that by BPM. The coupling length of the coupler is 4.1 mm at λ = 1.55 μm. A maximum coupling efficiency of 24.96% can be obtained. The coupling ratio is more than 22.5% over a wavelength range of 100 nm. The polarization-dependent loss at λ = 1.55 μm is equal to 0.73 dB. Finally, the influences of the micro-variation of structure parameters and the material refractive index on the working performances of the coupler are investigated.     

Design and analysis of thermally tunable liquid crystal filled hybrid photonic crystal fiber coupler

We propose a novel tunable photonic crystal fiber (PCF) coupler scheme, that the light is coupled between a total internal reflection (TIR) guiding core and a photonic bandgap (PBG) guiding core. By introducing the thermo-optic responsive nematic liquid crystals (NLC) into the air holes around the PBG core, the hybrid PCF based coupler exhibits enhanced thermal tunability. The thermo-optical characteristics of the proposed coupler are numerically studied using finite element method (FEM) and beam propagation method (BPM). The proposed design can find promising applications in filtering and sensing devices.     

新型空气孔长方形排列单模单偏振光子晶体光纤的数值模拟

提出了一种空气孔长方形排列的单偏振光子晶体光纤结构，并利用基于棱边/节点混合元的带有完全匹配层吸收边界条件的全矢量有限元方法对该结构进行了分析.对设计思路进行了详细说明.通过优化结构参数在理论上获得了波长在1.38—1.61 μm范围内仅有慢轴模且限制损耗低于0.1 dB/km的单模单偏振操作. 关键词： 光子晶体光纤 单偏振 限制损耗 全矢量有限元方法     

Bending dual-core photonic crystal fiber coupler

In this paper, we systematically study a designed structure of a bending dual-core photonic crystal fiber (PCF). We propose the controllable wavelength-selective coupling PCF. This coupler allows highly accurate control of the filtering wavelength. The different wavelengths can be selected by controlling the bending radius of the fiber. Coupling characteristics of novel bending wavelength-selective coupling PCF are evaluated by using a vector finite element method and their application to a multiplexer demultiplexer (MUX–DEMUX) based on the novel coupler is investigated. When the fiber length is 4168 μm, the bending radius of PCF couplers for 1.48/1.55 μm, 1.3/1.55 μm, 0.98/1.55 μm, and 0.85/1.55 μm is calculated, respectively, and the beam propagation analysis is performed. Different from the traditional wavelength-selective coupling PCF, the dual-core PCF is bent and it can realize the separation of multiple wavelengths.     

一种新型高双折射光子晶体光纤特性研究

设计了一种高双折射高非线性光子晶体光纤, 采用全矢量有限元法研究了这种光纤的基模模场、双折射、非线性、有效模面积及色散特性. 数值研究发现, 减小孔间距Λ的大小, 在波长1550 nm 处, 该光纤可获得10^-2 数量级的双折射B, 比普通的椭圆保偏光纤高约两个数量级; 同时, 该光纤可获得42 W^-1·km^-1 的高非线性系数γ. 另外,分别在可见光和近红外波段出现了两个零色散波长, 在波长800–2000 nm 之间具有良好的色散平坦特性. 这种设计为获得高双折射高非线性超平坦色散光子晶体光纤提供了一种新的方法, 该光纤在偏振控制、非线性光学和色散控制方面具有广泛的应用前景. 关键词： 光子晶体光纤 高双折射 高非线性 有限元法     

微小空气孔传光的光子晶体光纤研究

利用有限元方法对纤芯中心带有一个微小空气孔的光子晶体光纤进行了分析,得到了其模场分布、损耗及色散特性随光纤结构参数及波长的变化规律.根据光的衍射原理及光子晶体光纤的传输特性,对空气孔传光的物理本质进行了解释.得到了微小空气孔低损耗、高强度、单模传输时,光子晶体光纤结构参数及波长的取值范围.设计出了一种优化的光子晶体光纤结构,其模场很好地集中在纤芯微小空气孔中,限制损耗α=5.9×10^-5dB/km,为微小空气孔传光的光子晶体光纤设计及制备提供了理论指导.光在空气孔中高强度、长距离传输,为光与物质相互作用及非线性光纤光学提供了新的条件.     

空芯光子晶体光纤光子带隙的测量与数值模拟

用全矢量平面波法计算三角结构光子晶体光纤的带隙. 用透射法测量了自制的空芯光子晶体光纤的透射谱,得到了它在可见光波段透射强度与波长的关系,并在随后的实验中观测到了传光的模场图.通过理论模拟了实验所用的空芯光子晶体光纤的带隙图,与实验结果具有较好的一致性. 关键词： 空芯光子晶体光纤 光子带隙 全矢量平面波法 透射     

Optimization of long-period grating inscribed in large mode area photonic crystal fiber for design of bandstop filter

By inscribing long period grating (LPG) in a photonic crystal fiber (PCF), optical filters for communication wavelengths can be fabricated. In this paper, by utilizing coupled-mode theory and enhanced improved vectorial effective index method, a design of bandstop filter based on optimal LPG parameters is presented where the optimized full-width half-maximum (FWHM), the number (N) and total length of gratings of LPGs (L) are determined. As a result, by the determination of optimized LPG parameters with an optimum length of L_opt=6.5 mm and optimum number of grating N_opt=27 inscribed in the PCF, a bandstop optical filter with FWHM=1 nm is designed.     

Tunable and switchable multi-wavelength Erbium-doped photonic crystal fiber ring laser incorporating a length of highly nonlinear photonic crystal fiber

A tunable and switchable multi-wavelength Erbium-doped photonic crystal fiber ring laser incorporating a length of single-mode highly nonlinear photonic crystal fiber is proposed and demonstrated experimentally. Stable dual-wavelength and triple-wavelength operations at room temperature are achieved by employing the highly nonlinear photonic crystal fiber to induce four-wave mixing effect and a polarization controller to vary the polarization states of propagation lights in the laser cavity. The laser cavity is free from any wavelength selection components. The laser obtains maximal 30 dB signal-to-noise ratio and the peak power fluctuations of lasing lines are less than 1.39 dB.