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1.
The large values of integrated cross sections for the excitation and de-excitation of nuclear isomers in (γ, γ′) reactions
provide strong encouragement for the feasibility of an optically pumped gamma-ray laser. For this reason, sources of possible
spurious contamination of the measurements were carefully considered. This paper reviews an analysis of possible sources as
well as experimental limits on contamination of the isomeric yields. The question of spurious contributions from (n, γ) or
(n, n′) reactions was examined by estimating the level of thermal, epithermal and fast neutron fluxes based on possible source
material in the accelerator environments. Such possibilities were severely reduced by the range of photon energies employed
in the studies of 1.5-6 MeV. The expected fluxes were below levels necessary to produce significant isomeric yields in this
energy range. Next, experiments were conducted in accordance with standard neutron activation-foil techniques to directly
measure any fluxes of neutrons in the accelerator environments. Measurements for fast neutron fluxes were completely negative
under even the most likely conditions with a 6 MeV medical linac. Measurable fluxes of thermal and epithermal neutrons were
obtained. However, in typical cases the amount of isomeric activation due to “slow” neutrons was 1% of the total activation
and 6% in the worst case based on measured fluxes and known values of cross sections.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
M. Geoghegan F. Boué G. Bacri A. Menelle D.G. Bucknall 《The European Physical Journal B - Condensed Matter and Complex Systems》1998,3(1):83-96
We have used neutron reflectometry to measure interfacial widths between two polystyrene films, where either one or both films
are crosslinked. The observed interfacial width between two networks is larger than the size expected for “dangling ends”,
which suggests motion of heterogeneous regions of the networks. In the case when one of the networks is replaced by a linear
polymer, the interfacial profile can be asymmetric with a diffusion “front” of linear polymer penetrating the network to a
length scale of up to 200 ?. In the case of a more densely crosslinked network and a high molecular weight linear polymer
the interface is symmetric implying negligible penetration.
Received: 4 December 1996 / Revised: 13 October 1997 / Accepted: 23 December 1997 相似文献
3.
T. Shizuma T. Ishii H. Makii T. Hayakawa S. Shigematsu M. Matsuda E. Ideguchi Y. Zheng M. Liu T. Morikawa 《The European Physical Journal A - Hadrons and Nuclei》2007,32(1):1-4
In this paper we present for the first time the measured delayed neutron (DN) yields and time spectra from high-energy protons
interacting with thick natPb targets. The 1GeV protons from the accelerator impinged on targets of different thicknesses producing a huge number of
spallation-fission products, some of which can be DN precursors. After the beam is switched off, the DNs were detected with
optimized 3He counter. The production yields of light DN precursors as 17N and “usual” fission products as 87Br and 88Br, which dominate the total DN activity, are obtained both for thin and thick targets. These new data are of great interest
for the new generation high-power spallation targets based on liquid-metal technologies. Our findings also should help to
constrain the physics models within the simulations codes. 相似文献
4.
Pencer J Mills T Anghel V Krueger S Epand RM Katsaras J 《The European physical journal. E, Soft matter》2005,18(4):447-458
Using coarse grained models of heterogeneous vesicles we
demonstrate the potential for small-angle neutron scattering
(SANS) to detect and distinguish between two different categories
of lateral segregation: 1) unilamellar vesicles (ULV) containing a
single domain and 2) the formation of several small domains or
“clusters” (~10 nm in radius) on a ULV. Exploiting the
unique sensitivity of neutron scattering to differences between
hydrogen and deuterium, we show that the liquid ordered (lo)
DPPC-rich phase can be selectively labeled using chain deuterated
dipalymitoyl phosphatidylcholine (dDPPC), which greatly
facilitates the use of SANS to detect membrane domains. SANS
experiments are then performed in order to detect and
characterize, on nanometer length scales, lateral heterogeneities,
or so-called “rafts”, in ~30 nm radius low polydispersity
ULV made up of ternary mixtures of phospholipids and cholesterol.
For 1:1:1 DOPC:DPPC:cholesterol (DDC) ULV we find evidence for the
formation of lateral heterogeneities on cooling below 30 °C. These heterogeneities do not appear when DOPC is
replaced by SOPC. Fits to the experimental data using coarse
grained models show that, at room temperature, DDC ULV each
exhibit approximately 30 domains with average radii of ~10 nm. 相似文献
5.
Inelastic neutron scattering experiments to determine phonon density of states of coherent scattering samples of polycrystalline
complex solids are generally intensity-limited and therefore are feasible only at high flux facilities. Phonon density of
states of the monoclinic phase of tetracyanoethylene at 300 K, obtained using the medium resolution triple axis spectrometer
at the new Indian medium flux reactor Dhruva are reported here. The raw data is converted to the “neutron weighted” phonon
density of states by applying suitable corrections. Comparison made with results from a theoretical calculation based on a
semirigid molecule model of lattice dynamics is fair. Results from Dhruva are also consistent with that obtained (to be published)
at the high flux pulsed neutron source (ISIS) of the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in United Kingdom. 相似文献
6.
V. V. Fedorov I. A. Kuznetsov E. G. Lapin S. Yu. Semenikhin V. V. Voronin 《JETP Letters》2007,85(1):82-85
An essential magnification of an external force acting on a diffracting neutron for the Bragg angles θB close to the right one is observed. Any external action (caused by either crystal deformation or external force affected
the neutron) results in a bend of the so called “Kato trajectories” inside the crystal and, for the case of a finite crystal,
gives considerable variation of the intensities of both diffracted neutron beams (direct and reflected). It is shown that
the magnification factor is proportional to tan2 (θb) and can reach (102−103) for Bragg angles surfficiently close to 90°.
The text was submitted by the authors in English. 相似文献
7.
For the first time neutron diffraction, X-ray diffraction and EXAFS data have been combined simultaneously using the RMC method
to model the fast-ion conducting glass, (AgI)x(AgPO3)1−x. This material is of considerable technological and scientific interest due to its high ionic conductivity at ambient temperature.
We present some details of the RMC technique and highlight some of the structural information obtained from our models. The
origin of the “first sharp diffraction peak” in the neutron diffraction data is explained, about which there has been considerable
speculation. Diffusion pathways for ionic conduction are observed. A simple analysis of available free volume shows that a
percolation transition in the ionic conductivity occurs between x=0.2 and 0.3, in agreement with a prediction based on conductivity
measurements. This study highlights the considerable power that these developments of the RMC method have for the structural
modelling of complex amorphous materials.
Paper presented at the 1st Euroconference on Solid State Ionics in Zajkynthos, Greece, 11–18 Sept. 1994 相似文献
8.
Progress in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion research at the
laboratory for laser energetics
R. L. McCrory D. D. Meyerhofer S. J. Loucks S. Skupsky R. Betti T. R. Boehly T. J.B. Collins R. S. Craxton J. A. Delettrez D. H. Edgell R. Epstein K. A. Fletcher C. Freeman J. A. Frenje V. Yu. Glebov V. N. Goncharov D. R. Harding I. V. Igumenshchev R. L. Keck J. D. Kilkenny J. P. Knauer C. K. Li J. Marciante J. A. Marozas F. J. Marshall A. V. Maximov P. W. McKenty S. F.B. Morse J. Myatt S. Padalino R. D. Petrasso P. B. Radha S. P. Regan T. C. Sangster F. H. Séguin W. Seka V. A. Smalyuk J. M. Soures C. Stoeckl B. Yaakobi J. D. Zuegel 《The European Physical Journal D - Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics》2007,44(2):233-238
Direct-drive inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is
expected to demonstrate high gain on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) in
the next decade and is a leading candidate for inertial fusion energy
production. The demonstration of high areal densities in hydrodynamically
scaled cryogenic DT or D2 implosions with neutron yields that are a
significant fraction of the “clean” 1-D predictions will validate the
ignition-equivalent direct-drive target performance on the OMEGA laser at
the Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE). This paper highlights the
recent experimental and theoretical progress leading toward achieving this
validation in the next few years.
The NIF will initially be configured for X-ray drive and with no beams
placed at the target equator to provide a symmetric irradiation of a
direct-drive capsule. LLE is developing the “polar-direct-drive” (PDD)
approach that repoints beams toward the target equator. Initial 2-D
simulations have shown ignition. A unique “Saturn-like” plastic ring
around the equator refracts the laser light incident near the equator toward
the target, improving the drive uniformity.
LLE is currently constructing the multibeam, 2.6-kJ/beam, petawatt laser
system OMEGA EP. Integrated fast-ignition experiments, combining the OMEGA
EP and OMEGA Laser Systems, will begin in FY08. 相似文献
9.
Polarization properties of electromagnetic waves, double-passed through magnetized plasma, are studied. Analyses are performed
in the case of non-interacting normal modes, propagating in homogeneous and weakly inhomogeneous plasmas, and for three kinds
of reflectors: metallic plane, 2D corner retro-reflector (2D-CR), and cubic corner retro-reflector (CCR). It is shown that
an electromagnetic wave, reflected from a metallic plane and from a CCR, contains only “velocity-preserving” channels, whose
phases are doubled in comparison with those of a single-passage propagation. At the same time, an electromagnetic wave reflected
from a 2D-CR is shown to contain both “velocity-preserving” and “velocity-converting” channels, the latter converting the
fast wave into the slow one and vice-versa. One characteristic feature of “velocity-converting” channels is that they reproduce
the initial polarization state near the source, which might be of practical interest for plasma interferometry. In the case
of circularly polarized modes, “velocity-preserving” channels completely disappear, and only “velocity-converting” channels
are to be found. 相似文献
10.
“Laser-assisted magnetic recording”, in which a recording media is heated by a laser beam while writing data, is attracting
attention as a technology that enables a recording density of 1 Tb/in.2. There exists another technology for media in which the recording layer is constructed with many small projections that enable
high magnetic coercivity. This is called “patterned media”. For developing hard disk drives using these methods, we developed
a simulator that analyzes the optical intensity distribution from the optical head for laser-assisted recording and the temperature
profile on the patterned media. The simulator calculates the optical model using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD)
method. The thermal analysis of the three-dimensional model allows fast calculations using the alternating direction implicit
(ADI) method. The heat source distribution data for thermal analysis is calculated in order to use the results of optical
analysis. The optical and thermal analyses of the laser-assisted recording model were investigated with the simulator. 相似文献
11.
Over the last ten years interest in the physics of de Sitter space—time has been growing very fast. Besides the supposed existence
of a “de Sitterian period” in inflation theories, the observational evidence of an acceleration of the universe expansion
(interpreted as a positive cosmological constant or a “dark energy” or some form of “quintessence”) has triggered a lot of
attention in the physics community. A specific de Sitterian field called “massless minimally coupled field” (mmc) plays a
fundamental role in inflation models and in the construction of the de Sitterian gravitational field. A covariant quantization
of the mmc field, à la Krein—Gupta—Bleuler was proposed in Class. Quantum. Grav. 17, 1415 (2000). In this talk, we will review this construction and explain the relevance of such a field in the construction
of a massless spin-2 field in de Sitter space—time. 相似文献
12.
《Applied physics. B, Lasers and optics》1978,17(1):45-47
We propose a concave blazed reflection zone mirror as an achromatic neutronoptical device for high-resolution image formation
with ultracold neutrons. The possibility of application to a neutron microscope is discussed.
Work supported by the German “Bundesministerium für Forschung und Technologie”. 相似文献
13.
In situ morphological investigation of the “105” faceted Ge islands on the Si(001) surface (hut clusters) have been carried
out using an ultra high vacuum instrument integrating a high resolution scanning tunnelling microscope and a molecular beam
epitaxy vessel. Both species of hut clusters-pyramids and wedges-were found to have the same structure of the “105” facets
which was visualized. Structures of vertexes of the pyramidal clusters and ridges of the wedge-shaped clusters were revealed
as well and found to be different. This allowed us to propose a crystallographic model of the “105” facets as well as models
of the atomic structure of both species of the hut clusters. An inference is made that transitions between the cluster shapes
are impossible. 相似文献
14.
洁净核能源技术和D-Li强中子源的应用设想 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在讨论国际科学界普遍关注的加速器驱动核动力装置技术,及其在未来洁净核能源开发和利用核嬗变方法处理核废料等方面的应用意义和可行性的同时,从我国的实际出发,提出了立足国内,利用中能(40MeV)、强流(2×125mA)质子加速器作D-Li超强中子源,开展零功率加速器驱动核裂变装置技术的原理性研究和核嬗变、聚变材料、抗核加固及核物理研究,以及生产放射性同位素的初步设想. The accelerator driven nuclear power technology, as one of the most important scientific projects in the world, is evaluated. Some of its applications on transmuting nuclear waste, producing fission energy and doing scientific researches are also discussed. A proposal of using high intensity D Li fast neutron source as driven source of a zero power accelerator driven fission facility is outlined for the principle research and multi application purposes based on the present scientific... 相似文献
15.
Ronhovde P Chakrabarty S Hu D Sahu M Sahu KK Kelton KF Mauro NA Nussinov Z 《The European physical journal. E, Soft matter》2011,34(9):105
We elaborate on a general method that we recently introduced for characterizing the “natural” structures in complex physical
systems via multi-scale network analysis. The method is based on “community detection” wherein interacting particles are partitioned into an “ideal
gas” of optimally decoupled groups of particles. Specifically, we construct a set of network representations (“replicas”)
of the physical system based on interatomic potentials and apply a multiscale clustering (“multiresolution community detection”)
analysis using information-based correlations among the replicas. Replicas may i) be different representations of an identical
static system, ii) embody dynamics by considering replicas to be time separated snapshots of the system (with a tunable time
separation), or iii) encode general correlations when different replicas correspond to different representations of the entire
history of the system as it evolves in space-time. Inputs for our method are the inter-particle potentials or experimentally
measured two (or higher order) particle correlations. We apply our method to computer simulations of a binary Kob-Andersen
Lennard-Jones system in a mixture ratio of A80B20 , a ternary model system with components “A”, “B”, and “C” in ratios of A88B7C5 (as in Al88Y7Fe5 , and to atomic coordinates in a Zr80Pt20 system as gleaned by reverse Monte Carlo analysis of experimentally determined structure factors. We identify the dominant
structures (disjoint or overlapping) and general length scales by analyzing extrema of the information theory measures. We
speculate on possible links between i) physical transitions or crossovers and ii) changes in structures found by this method
as well as phase transitions associated with the computational complexity of the community detection problem. We also briefly
consider continuum approaches and discuss rigidity and the shear penetration depth in amorphous systems; this latter length
scale increases as the system becomes progressively rigid. 相似文献
16.
Ultra low momentum neutron catalyzed nuclear reactions in metallic hydride system surfaces are discussed. Weak interaction
catalysis initially occurs when neutrons (along with neutrinos) are produced from the protons that capture “heavy” electrons.
Surface electron masses are shifted upwards by localized condensed matter electromagnetic fields. Condensed matter quantum
electrodynamic processes may also shift the densities of final states, allowing an appreciable production of extremely low
momentum neutrons, which are thereby efficiently absorbed by nearby nuclei. No Coulomb barriers exist for the weak interaction
neutron production or other resulting catalytic processes.
PACS 24.60.-k, 23.20.Nx 相似文献
17.
Reconstruction of the Fermi surface of high-temperature superconducting cuprates in the pseudogap state is analyzed within
a nearly exactly solvable model of the pseudogap state, induced by short-range order fluctuations of the antiferromagnetic
(AFM), spin-density wave (SDW), or a similar charge-density wave (CDW) order parameter, competing with the superconductivity.
We explicitly demonstrate the evolution from “Fermi arcs” (on the “large” Fermi surface) observed in the ARPES experiments
at relatively high temperatures (when both the amplitude and phase of the density waves fluctuate randomly) towards the formation
of typical “small” electron and hole “pockets,” which are apparently observed in the de Haas-van Alphen and Hall resistance
oscillation experiments at low temperatures (when only the phase of the density waves fluctuate and the correlation length
of the short-range order is large enough). A qualitative criterion for the quantum oscillations in high magnetic fields to
be observable in the pseudogap state is formulated in terms of the cyclotron frequency, the correlation length of fluctuations,
and the Fermi velocity.
The text was submitted by the authors in English. 相似文献
18.
V. V. Skobelev 《Physics of Atomic Nuclei》2011,74(1):110-114
By using the polarization density matrix for a neutron in a magnetic field, the axion luminosity of magnetic neutron stars
that is associated with the flip of the anomalous magnetic moment of degenerate nonrelativistic neutrons is calculated. It
is shown that, at values of the magnetic-field induction in the region B ≳ 1018 G, this mechanism of axion emission is dominant in “young” neutron stars of temperature about a few tens of MeV units. At
B ∼ 1017 G, it is one of the basic mechanisms. The Fermi energy of a degenerate neutron gas in a magnetic field is found, and it is
shown that there is no such mechanism of axion emission in the degenerate case. 相似文献
19.
Michael Blank 《Journal of statistical physics》2005,120(3-4):627-658
We study phase transitions of a system of particles on the one-dimensional integer lattice moving with constant acceleration,
with a collision law respecting slower particles. This simple deterministic “particle-hopping” traffic flow model being a
straightforward generalization to the well known Nagel–Schreckenberg model covers also a more recent slow-to-start model as
a special case. The model has two distinct ergodic (unmixed) phases with two critical values. When traffic density is below
the lowest critical value, the steady state of the model corresponds to the “free-flowing” (or “gaseous”) phase. When the
density exceeds the second critical value the model produces large, persistent, well-defined traffic jams, which correspond
to the “jammed” (or “liquid”) phase. Between the two critical values each of these phases may take place, which can be interpreted
as an “overcooled gas” phase when a small perturbation can change drastically gas into liquid. Mathematical analysis is accomplished
in part by the exact derivation of the life-time of individual traffic jams for a given configuration of particles.
This research has been partially supported by Russian Foundation for Fundamental Research and French Ministry of Education
grants. 相似文献
20.
Ronald G. Larson 《Physics in Perspective (PIP)》2007,9(1):58-69
I argue that there are strong reasons for resisting as a principle of science the concept of “anthropic selection.” This concept
asserts that the existence of “observers” in a universe can be used as a condition that selects physical laws and constants
necessary for intelligent life from different laws or physical constants prevailing in a vast number of other universes, to
thereby explain why the properties of our universe are conducive to intelligent life. My reasons for limiting “anthropic selection”
to the realm of speculation rather than permitting it to creep into mainstream science include our inability to estimate the
probabilities of emergence of “observers” in a universe, the lack of testability through direct observation of the assumed
high variability of the constants of nature, the lack of a clear definition of an “observer,” and the arbitrariness in how
and to what questions anthropic selection is applied. 相似文献